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Title: Create Border Patterns (Video) – Real Python

Open Graph Title: Create Border Patterns – Real Python

Description: Creating Border Patterns. Each square can have between zero and four sides painted along the main compass directions: north, south, east, and west. When you do the math, you’ll find out that there are sixteen combinations of unique side patterns in…

Open Graph Description: Creating Border Patterns. Each square can have between zero and four sides painted along the main compass directions: north, south, east, and west. When you do the math, you’ll find out that there are sixteen combinations of unique side patterns in…

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    "name": "Create Border Patterns",
    "description": "Creating Border Patterns. Each square can have between zero and four sides painted along the main compass directions: north, south, east, and west. When you do the math, you’ll find out that there are sixteen combinations of unique side patterns in…",
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00:00https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=0.89
Creating Border Patterns.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=0.89
Each square can have between zero and four sides painted along the main compasshttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=4.7
directions: north, south, east, and west.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=9.04
When you do the math,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=14.85
you’ll find out that there are sixteen combinations of unique side patterns in total,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=15.78
ranging from an empty square to one with all four sides painted.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=19.85
00:24https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=24.19
There’s one empty square, four squares with only one side,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=24.19
six squares with two sides, four squares with three sides,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=28.58
and one square with all four sides.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=32.3
00:35https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=35.42
Now you can build almost any maze pattern with these tiles by connecting themhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=35.42
like a jigsaw puzzle.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=38.8
To compactly represent a border pattern around a square with just a singlehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=42.56
number, you should consider using a bit field.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=45.98
00:49https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=49.64
This will map each of the four sides to a specific binary digit.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=49.64
Extracting information from such a number usually requires the use of bitwisehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=54.26
operators, which aren’t very common in Python.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=58.33
01:00https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=60.856
However,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=60.856
in this course, you’ll use a handy shortcut from the standard library, which hideshttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=61.56
the details.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=65.9
Because there are four sides,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=67.218
you must allocate four bits that you can individually turn on or off dependinghttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=70.52
on whether or not there’s a border on that side.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=74.18
01:17https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=77.05
When you convert the corresponding bit string into a decimal number,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=77.05
you’ll get the unambiguous representation of one of the border patterns, as seenhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=80.28
on-screen.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=84.8
01:25https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=85.786
As you can see,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=85.786
each border pattern is represented with a decimal number ranging from zero tohttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=87.41
fifteen.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=91.5
You can check which sides are included in the border by looking at the binaryhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=93.0
representation of the number and reading the corresponding bits.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=96.5
01:40https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=100.48
If a bit is set to one,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=100.48
then you know that you should paint that side of the border.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=101.77
The bit count, or the number of ones in the bit string, reflects the number ofhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=105.74
sides in the border.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=109.44
01:50https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=110.712
Additionally,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=110.712
it carries some useful information about the type of square.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=111.58
For example,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=114.927
you can recognize a dead end by detecting precisely three sides of the border,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=115.94
leaving only one end to connect with other squares.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=119.75
02:03https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=123.87
Fewer than two sides may indicate a potential intersection of paths in the mazehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=123.87
if the square isn’t a wall or part of the exterior.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=127.82
A T-shaped intersection will have one side, while a four-way intersection willhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=131.74
have none.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=135.94
02:18https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=138.09
Detecting a corner is a bit more tricky because it requires you to compare thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=138.09
border against one of the four specific patterns,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=141.74
even though they all have exactly two sides.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=144.53
02:28https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=148.33
This helps eliminate the other two border patterns that also have two sides buthttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=148.33
aren’t corners.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=152.22
Their sides run in parallel instead of meeting at a corner.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=153.096
02:40https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=160.01
So now that you know what makes a square border, how do you define ithttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=160.01
in Python?https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=163.07
You’ll use the Enum data type again, but with a slight twist.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=163.688
02:48https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=168.65
This time around, you’ll extend the enum.IntFlag base class,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=168.65
which is an even more specific enumeration type that implements the bit fieldhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=172.27
logic.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=176.31
02:56https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=176.776
You’ll give more common names to your enum membershttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=176.776
instead of using the compass directions.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=180.23
Add the code seen on-screen to the border module.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=185.27
03:16https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=196.5
You override the value of Border.EMPTY with 0 to indicate the absence ofhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=196.5
border sides.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=200.8
This class resembles the Role enumeration that you defined earlier,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=202.75
but IntFlag allows you to do much more with its members.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=205.94
03:29https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=209.69
Rather than being a mutually exclusive choice of one member,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=209.69
the Border enumeration lets you combine any number of its members to create ahttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=213.13
composite value.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=217.07
03:39https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=219.269
For example,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=219.269
to define a closed border,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=221.21
you’d combine all four sides using the bitwise OR operator (|) like this.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=222.68
04:04https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=244.2
The .name and .value attributes of the resulting border arehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=244.2
calculated dynamically based on the combination of its sides.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=248.97
Note that the order of the individual sides doesn’t matterhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=253.69
when you define a composite bit field.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=256.1
04:18https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=258.945
Underneath,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=258.945
it’s a numeric value resulting from turning on the specific bits.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=259.89
Python will always show a consistent text representation of that value,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=264.05
determined by the order of your members in the class definition.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=268.63
04:32https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=272.95
To compare your border to another border pattern,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=272.95
you can use the identity test operator (is).https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=275.63
04:45https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=285.55
Alternatively,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=285.55
you could use the equality test operator (==) to directly compare yourhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=286.62
border against a known numeric value.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=291.44
04:58https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=298.78
Additionally,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=298.78
you can check if the border contains a given side by using the membership testhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=299.2
operator (in).https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=303.58
Comparing an instance of enum.IntFlag to a number is possible because the flaghttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=307.93
is a subclass of the built-in integer type, just like enum.IntEnum,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=312.28
which you used before.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=316.26
05:22https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=322.13
Next, add a few convenience properties to the enumeration so that you can detecthttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=322.13
corners, dead ends, and intersections.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=326.49
05:33https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=333.94
All three properties return a Boolean value.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=333.94
In the .corner property,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=336.12
you use the membership test operator (in) to check if an instance of the Borderhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=338.22
enumeration—indicated by self—is one of the predefined corners.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=342.31
05:54https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=354.61
The other two properties rely on the integer’s .bit_count() method,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=354.61
which returns the number of ones in a binary representation of your border.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=357.69
06:22https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=382.22
With the Role and Border building blocks in place,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=382.22
you can now tie them together on a higher abstraction level.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=384.65
And in the nexthttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=387.391
section, you’ll implement the Square class.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-border-patterns/#t=388.11
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Mazes in Python: Build and Visualize 02:47 https://realpython.com/videos/python-maze-solver-part-1-overview/
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Scaffold the Project Structure 04:50 https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-solver-structure/
Represent the Maze With Objects 06:37 https://realpython.com/lessons/represent-maze-with-objects/
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Decompose the Border Into Primitives 04:41 https://realpython.com/lessons/decompose-python-maze-border/
Add More Border Patterns 03:58 https://realpython.com/lessons/python-maze-more-border-patterns/
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Make the Maze Self-Contained 04:30 https://realpython.com/lessons/python-self-contained-maze/
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Solve the Maze Using a Graph-Based Approach 03:01 https://realpython.com/lessons/solve-python-maze-graph-based/
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