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Title: A Complete Example: Putting It All Together (Video) – Real Python

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Description: In the previous lesson, I explained the three different kinds of methods. In this lesson, I’ll show you a complete example using the concepts you’ve learned so far in the course. Time for a quick review. So far, you’ve learned how to declare class…

Open Graph Description: In the previous lesson, I explained the three different kinds of methods. In this lesson, I’ll show you a complete example using the concepts you’ve learned so far in the course. Time for a quick review. So far, you’ve learned how to declare class…

Opengraph URL: https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/

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00:00https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=0.48
In the previous lesson, I explained the three different kinds of methods.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=0.48
In this lesson,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=4.18
I’ll show you a complete example using the concepts you’ve learned so far in thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=4.99
course. Time for a quick review.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=8.84
00:12https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=12.13
So far, you’ve learned how to declare class; how to use attributes;https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=12.13
how to create instances;https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=17.13
how to write instance, static, and class methods;https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=19.38
and how to use properties and the descriptor protocol to make methods look likehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=23.04
attributes. Before diving into the sample code,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=27.18
I want to go over a couple of concepts in case they’re new to you. First,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=30.9
that cls named class being passed into a class method?https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=35.12
00:39https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=39.2
Well keep in mind it’s actually a class.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=39.2
I know that statement seems obvious. I’ve gone over this already,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=42.41
but it means as a consequence, you can actually instantiate things off of it.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=45.87
00:51https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=51.35
It can look a little weird, as cls is all small case, and classes are usuallyhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=51.35
in PascalCase,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=56.35
but a class is a class whether or not it fits the naming convention.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=57.75
01:01https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=61.77
Whatever it is named, call it with parentheses, and it will return an object.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=61.77
In the previous lesson, I used * (star) in a method signature to mean any number ofhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=66.48
arguments. There is a related concept using ** (two stars).https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=71.06
01:15https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=75.2
In this case, a dictionary is passed in, with key-value pairs being treatedhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=75.2
as the names and values of arguments in the signature.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=80.2
This is a programmatic way of specifying which named arguments you use in ahttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=84.01
function or method call. Don’t worry if that’s a little muddled.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=88.9
01:32https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=92.56
You’ll see it in practice shortly.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=92.56
01:35https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=95.7
And I’ve got two more dunder methods for you.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=95.7
.__str__() gets called when you convert an object to a string, like printinghttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=98.14
it, and .__repr__() gets called to represent an object,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=102.38
meaning viewing it in the REPL. By convention,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=106.27
.__repr__() is supposed to return a string that, if it were pasted into thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=109.83
REPL, would create the same object it is representing. All right,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=114.07
that’s my tangent. Each of these concepts gets used in the example that follows.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=118.75
02:05https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=125.46
Alright, there’s a little over forty lines of code to go through here,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=125.46
but it’s closer to an actual use case that you might find in the wild.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=128.69
I’m creating a class to represent an employee at a company. Ashttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=133.22
all my employees work for the same placehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=138.06
(this must be internal code to the company),https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=140.43
I’ve created a class attribute with the company name inside.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=143.07
02:27https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=147.88
And here is the ever-present .__init__(). To construct my class,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=147.88
I want a name and a date of birth. I’ve learned my lesson, no more first name,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=151.98
last name,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=156.34
just name. The boilerplate inside stores the name and thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=157.29
birth date. But wait, I’ve been tricky. How?https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=162.29
02:46https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=166.28
Well, I’ll come back to that in a second. .birth_date is a property.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=166.28
In an earlier lesson, I spoke about the pattern of using a property and ahttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=171.5
non-public attribute. This isn’t that pattern.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=175.65
02:59https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=179.43
It’s subtly different. Note in .__init__(),https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=179.43
I didn’t set ._birth_date. I set .birth_date.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=182.76
Well, there is a property and a setter for that,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=186.91
which means the code in .__init__() is actually using the descriptor protocol.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=189.85
03:14https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=194.78
That’s the tricky bit.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=194.78
The .birth_date property returns the non-public attribute. But wait,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=197.4
how’d it get set? Well, it gets set with the setter,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=202.52
which .__init__() called. See, a little tricky.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=205.7
03:29https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=209.36
Let me scroll down a bit so you can see the setter.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=209.36
Here’s the decorator naming the property that is being set,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=212.77
.birth_date, and the method, whose name isn’t important because it’s wrappedhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=216.44
in a decorator, and what it does is set the value.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=221.27
03:46https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=226.99
Here,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=226.99
I’m using the datetime library to parse a date string and store it as an actualhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=227.5
datetime object.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=231.91
So, .birth_date in .__init__() takes a string and assigns it tohttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=233.46
self.birth_date, which is registered against a setter,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=238.55
which expects a string,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=242.53
converts it to a datetime object, and then creates ._birth_date,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=244.32
which the property uses. String goes in, datetime object comes out.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=249.01
04:15https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=255.32
A better programmer would include some docstrings on all this explaining whathttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=255.32
values are expected by these methods. If you happen to come across one,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=259.04
send them my way. I have some code that could do with cleaning up.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=262.95
04:26https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=266.94
Let me scroll some more.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=266.94
04:31https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=271.87
.compute_age() is an instance method.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=271.87
This function returns the employee’s age based on their birth date and today’shttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=274.43
date. First,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=279.2
it uses the .today() method from the datetime object to get today’s date. Yep,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=280.98
datetime is a class even though it isn’t named like one.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=286.35
04:50https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=290.59
Next, it calculates the difference between today’s year and the year of thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=290.59
employee’s birth.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=294.72
You can’t just do subtraction, though. If it’s June,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=296.71
people born in May are one year older than people born in July, as our birthdayhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=300.23
is the trigger of incrementing that horrible attribute we all carry known ashttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=305.39
age. Sorry, old man editorializing. I’m not bitter, though.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=309.23
05:15https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=315.09
Grumpiness aside, to properly calculate the age,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=315.09
I create a new datetime object based on the current year and the employee’shttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=318.25
birth month and day.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=322.69
05:24https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=324.44
This allows me to compare it to today and check if their birthday has happenedhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=324.44
this year yet, and if it hasn’t,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=329.05
I’m removing a year and returning that, and otherwise, I returnhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=332.53
the unmodified value. Okay, time for a class method.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=337.59
05:42https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=342.91
This is a factory, one that takes a dictionary of key-value pairs andhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=342.91
constructs an instance object based on its content.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=347.88
This kind of factory is kind of common in the wild.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=350.83
05:55https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=355.75
As the constructor only takes a name and a birth date,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=355.75
I could access those values from the dictionary and pass them in directly,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=358.28
but then you wouldn’t get to see this neat little line of code.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=361.78
06:04https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=364.87
Two things to remember here. First, cls class,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=364.87
its lowercase stature notwithstanding, is the Employee class, and like any otherhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=368.36
class, I can instantiate it using parentheses.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=373.25
06:17https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=377.79
Normally, I do that with its arguments, name and birth_date.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=377.79
But here, I’m doing that other thing, **.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=381.41
Using ** on a dictionary turns it into arguments for the class.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=385.04
06:29https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=389.7
Each key-value pair in the dictionary gets used here as a named argument tohttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=389.7
the constructor. In this case, it makes the code a little harder to read,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=394.67
but if you’ve got a lot of arguments and the possibility of defaults that aren’thttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=399.25
in the dictionary, this is the only way to go. All right,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=403.19
that’s enough trickiness. Now a little bit of housekeeping.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=407.13
06:51https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=411.05
The .__str__() method is what gets called when you convert an object to ahttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=411.05
string. It should return a string, and that string can contain whatever you want.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=415.16
07:00https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=420.11
I’ve put a sentence about our employee.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=420.11
The .__repr__() method is what gets called when an object is represented inhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=423.29
the REPL. Convention is this should be a string that can be pasted in thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=427.43
REPL to create a copy of the object.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=432.31
07:15https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=435.65
One pattern you’ll see sometimes in a method like this is to usehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=435.65
self.__class__.__name__ instead of hard-coding the class name, Employee.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=440.27
07:25https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=445.41
The advantage of that is you can rename the class and this would still work,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=445.41
but I figured I threw enough tricky stuff at you already and just went with thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=449.57
hard-coded value instead. All right, that’s my class.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=453.47
07:37https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=457.7
Let’s go make some employees.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=457.7
07:43https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=463.45
Importing it …https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=463.45
07:47https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=467.25
and you’ll recall from way back at the top of the code,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=467.25
this is the class attribute, the company name. Andhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=469.78
07:57https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=477.13
there’s an employee named geralt.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=477.13
08:01https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=481.02
And if I examine geralt in the REPL, the .__repr__() method gets called.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=481.02
There’s that string I could copy and paste to create a new copy of the object.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=485.99
08:11https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=491.12
If instead I print it,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=491.12
it gets converted to a string, calling the .__str__() method. That printshttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=492.44
out the sentence. Remember the sentence calls the .compute_age() instance method,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=497.37
so lots of code getting run here. When I call .compute_age() directly,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=502.39
08:29https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=509.0
you can see the 36 used inside of .__str__(). Beforehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=509.0
leaving geralt and moving on,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=513.86
08:37https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=517.84
just a quick reminder that you can get at class variables through the object ashttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=517.84
well. But you can only read them. Don’t set them. And generally,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=521.13
as I said before, personally I try not to do this. All right,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=525.27
enough with Geralt. Let’s hire a sorceress.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=530.09
08:59https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=539.3
I’ve created a data dictionary containing "name" and "birth_date" strings.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=539.3
These correspond to the arguments in the Employee() constructor.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=543.64
09:11https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=551.97
I then pass this dictionary to the .from_dict() class method,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=551.97
which is a factory.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=555.78
This uses the ** mechanism to map the contents of the dictionary to thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=557.8
arguments in the class constructor and returns ushttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=562.09
the instance that I’ve stored in yen.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=564.63
09:28https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=568.63
And there’s yen, using .__repr__()https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=568.63
09:32https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=572.93
and printing her out. And there you go:https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=572.93
all the class stuff you’ve learned so far in one place.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=576.39
This is actually a fairly realistic example.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=579.6
It’s quite common in software to have objects represent things in the realhttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=582.04
world—here, an employee of a company.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=585.61
09:49https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=589.15
If an employee was stored in a database as a JSON blob,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=589.15
you would deserialize that JSON into a dictionary and construct an objecthttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=592.79
using the .from_dict() factory.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=597.14
10:00https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=600.07
The .compute_age() idea is a little toy-problem-esque,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=600.07
but it represents the idea of doing work on the data belonging to the employeehttps://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=604.09
to produce new information,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=608.17
and it’s quite likely you’re going to have something like that in your own code.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=609.93
10:15https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=615.62
That’s almost it for part one of this course. Next up,https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=615.62
I’ll summarize everything you’ve learned.https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#t=618.31
June 25, 2025https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#comment-16772040-e1eb-41c2-a868-b49340b4eeef
June 25, 2025https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#comment-243c06db-5638-419a-a16f-a84315b34afc
June 25, 2025https://realpython.com/lessons/python-class-object-review/#comment-92501800-f2f6-433e-ab53-7aea5d85559b
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