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Title: JSON for Custom Python Objects (Video) – Real Python

Open Graph Title: JSON for Custom Python Objects – Real Python

Description: Welcome back to our series on working with JSON data in Python. In this video, we’re going to learn how to encode custom Python objects or otherwise non-serializable types into JSON format. I’m here in Visual Studio Code, and I’ve already typed out…

Open Graph Description: Welcome back to our series on working with JSON data in Python. In this video, we’re going to learn how to encode custom Python objects or otherwise non-serializable types into JSON format. I’m here in Visual Studio Code, and I’ve already typed out…

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Discussion (3)https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#discussion
00:00https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=0.51
Welcome back to our series on working with JSON data in Python. In this video,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=0.51
we’re going to learn how to encode custom Python objects or otherwisehttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=5.58
non-serializable types into JSON format.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=10.38
00:14https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=14.73
I’m here in Visual Studio Code,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=14.73
and I’ve already typed out a bit of code here to save some time.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=16.92
I’ve got a generic Person classhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=20.58
and now I want to serialize a Person object into a string.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=22.83
00:27https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=27.15
I’ll move down to the bottom here and I’ll type json_str = json.dumps(Person())https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=27.15
and I’ll give him a name of "Will"https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=36.67
and an age of 29.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=38.82
00:41https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=41.16
What I’m trying to do here is create a new Person object and immediatelyhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=41.16
serialize that into a string.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=45.03
Now I’ll simply print the JSON-formatted string to the console.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=47.49
00:52https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=52.29
So if I right-click here and I choose Run Code,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=52.29
we’ll see that we get a TypeError. Python is telling us that our Person object ishttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=55.95
not serializable. Let’s take a look at why this is happening.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=61.29
01:05https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=65.67
Unfortunately for us,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=65.67
the built-in dumps() module only knows how to serialize built-in types.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=66.99
That’s why we can say something like json.dumps() and pass in 3.14https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=72.27
and it will have no problem. But some types are not so easily serializable,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=78.33
like the Python complex type or any other custom type that we create.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=83.31
01:28https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=88.32
The complex type is used to store complex numbers,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=88.32
which are numbers with an imaginary component.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=91.86
This arises when we try to take the square root of a negative number—https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=94.8
but honestly, that just brings back bad memories from high school math class,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=98.64
so let’s not talk too much about it. What’s important here is that you knowhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=103.2
the complex type is non-serializable, just as our custom Person type is.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=107.7
01:53https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=113.22
But we still want to store these objects in our JSON files,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=113.22
so what gives? That’s where simplification comes in, and I already like the name.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=116.9
What we need to do is break the object down into simpler parts that canhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=123.74
individually be serialized. We should ask ourselves:https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=128.479
what is the minimum amount of information necessary to recreate this object?https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=132.26
02:17https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=137.69
Remember, whoever deserializes our JSON on the other endhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=137.69
might not know anything about our Person object,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=141.77
so we need to make sure that we serialize everything that’s needed. From here onhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=144.62
out, I’m going to use the complex type as an example of how to serialize anhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=149.0
otherwise non-serializable type. First,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=153.92
we have to understand how the complex type works. It’s got two parts:https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=158.03
a real part and an imaginary part. In the diagram on the right here,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=162.53
6 + 2j means that 6.0 is our real part,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=167.57
and 2.0 is our imaginary part. Fortunately,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=172.49
each of those numbers can be serialized,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=176.81
and as far as we’re concerned right now,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=179.02
that’s all we need to recreate our complex objecthttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=181.24
after the JSON has been deserialized.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=184.54
03:07https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=187.18
Remember, the deserialization operation will likely output either a dictionary orhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=187.18
a list,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=192.73
so whoever deserializes it is most likely only going to get a list with thehttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=193.54
numbers 6 and 2 in it, and nothing else.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=198.49
03:22https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=202.09
Once we have the data from our original object,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=202.09
we can recreate that object by passing the data into the necessary constructor.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=204.79
So in this example here,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=210.34
pretend that we’ve serialized the complex number 3 + 8j. Of course,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=212.26
we can’t actually serialize the complex object in that form,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=217.84
so we just serialized 3 and 8. The person on the other endhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=221.56
just deserialized our JSON,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=226.09
and now they’ve got a list of [3, 8] to work with. In order to recreatehttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=228.61
the original object,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=233.56
all they need to do is pass those numbers into the constructor for the complexhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=235.09
class. And as you can see on screen,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=239.62
that gives them a complex object with the same value as our original complexhttps://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=242.41
object. There’s one more little hiccup we’ll see later on,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=247.27
but for now,https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=251.38
let’s see how we can handle encoding the complex type within our code.https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#t=252.43
May 11, 2019https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#comment-ca357860-b86b-4bbe-ae2a-568b172b385f
June 28, 2019https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#comment-4cd6b026-0264-4162-9ab9-633d4469b422
Oct. 7, 2020https://realpython.com/lessons/json-custom-python-objects/#comment-b3d50a51-9c3b-476a-ba24-42602711501e
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