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Title: Generic Operating System Services — Python 3.12.0a5 documentation

Open Graph Title: Generic Operating System Services

Description: The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally m...

Open Graph Description: The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally m...

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Inlined Python function callshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.11.html#inlined-python-function-calls
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C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.10.html#c-api-changes
PEP 652: Maintaining the Stable ABIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-652-maintaining-the-stable-abi
New Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.10.html#id1
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sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#socket
timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#time
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#sys
tracemallochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#tracemalloc
typinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#typing
unicodedatahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#unicodedata
venvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#venv
xmlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#xml
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#optimizations
Deprecatedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#deprecated
Removedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#removed
Porting to Python 3.9https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#porting-to-python-3-9
Changes in the Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-python-api
Changes in the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api
CPython bytecode changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#cpython-bytecode-changes
Build Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#build-changes
C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#c-api-changes
New Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#id1
Porting to Python 3.9https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#id2
Removedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#id3
Notable changes in Python 3.9.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-1
typinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#id4
macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support
Notable changes in Python 3.9.2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-2
collections.abchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#collections-abc
urllib.parsehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.9.html#urllib-parse
What’s New In Python 3.8https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html
Summary – Release highlightshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#summary-release-highlights
New Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#new-features
Assignment expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#assignment-expressions
Positional-only parametershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#positional-only-parameters
Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#parallel-filesystem-cache-for-compiled-bytecode-files
Debug build uses the same ABI as release buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#debug-build-uses-the-same-abi-as-release-build
f-strings support = for self-documenting expressions and debugginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#f-strings-support-for-self-documenting-expressions-and-debugging
PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hookshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-578-python-runtime-audit-hooks
PEP 587: Python Initialization Configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-587-python-initialization-configuration
PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-590-vectorcall-a-fast-calling-protocol-for-cpython
Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle-protocol-5-with-out-of-band-data-buffers
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#other-language-changes
New Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#new-modules
Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#improved-modules
asthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#ast
asynciohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#asyncio
builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#builtins
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#collections
cProfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#cprofile
csvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#csv
curseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#curses
ctypeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#ctypes
datetimehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#datetime
functoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#functools
gchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#gc
gettexthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#gettext
gziphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#gzip
IDLE and idlelibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#idle-and-idlelib
inspecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#inspect
iohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#io
itertoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#itertools
json.toolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#json-tool
logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#logging
mathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#math
mmaphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#mmap
multiprocessinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#multiprocessing
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#os
os.pathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#os-path
pathlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#pathlib
picklehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle
plistlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#plistlib
pprinthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#pprint
py_compilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#py-compile
shlexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#shlex
shutilhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#shutil
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#socket
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#ssl
statisticshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#statistics
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#sys
tarfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#tarfile
threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#threading
tokenizehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#tokenize
tkinterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#tkinter
timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#time
typinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#typing
unicodedatahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#unicodedata
unittesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#unittest
venvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#venv
weakrefhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#weakref
xmlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#xml
xmlrpchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#xmlrpc
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#optimizations
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Deprecatedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#deprecated
API and Feature Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#api-and-feature-removals
Porting to Python 3.8https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#porting-to-python-3-8
Changes in Python behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-python-behavior
Changes in the Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-python-api
Changes in the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api
CPython bytecode changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#cpython-bytecode-changes
Demos and Toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#demos-and-tools
Notable changes in Python 3.8.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-1
Notable changes in Python 3.8.8https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-8
Notable changes in Python 3.8.12https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-12
What’s New In Python 3.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html
Summary – Release Highlightshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#summary-release-highlights
New Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#new-features
PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-563-postponed-evaluation-of-annotations
PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-538-legacy-c-locale-coercion
PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-540-forced-utf-8-runtime-mode
PEP 553: Built-in breakpoint()https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-553-built-in-breakpoint
PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-539-new-c-api-for-thread-local-storage
PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-562-customization-of-access-to-module-attributes
PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolutionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-564-new-time-functions-with-nanosecond-resolution
PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in __main__https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-565-show-deprecationwarning-in-main
PEP 560: Core Support for typing module and Generic Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-560-core-support-for-typing-module-and-generic-types
PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-552-hash-based-pyc-files
PEP 545: Python Documentation Translationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-545-python-documentation-translations
Python Development Mode (-X dev)https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#python-development-mode-x-dev
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#other-language-changes
New Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#new-modules
contextvarshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#contextvars
dataclasseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#dataclasses
importlib.resourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib-resources
Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#improved-modules
argparsehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#argparse
asynciohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#asyncio
binasciihttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#binascii
calendarhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#calendar
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#collections
compileallhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#compileall
concurrent.futureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#concurrent-futures
contextlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#contextlib
cProfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#cprofile
crypthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#crypt
datetimehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#datetime
dbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#dbm
decimalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#decimal
dishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#dis
distutilshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#distutils
enumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#enum
functoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#functools
gchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#gc
hmachttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#hmac
http.clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#http-client
http.serverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#http-server
idlelib and IDLEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#idlelib-and-idle
importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib
iohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#io
ipaddresshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#ipaddress
itertoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#itertools
localehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#locale
logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#logging
mathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#math
mimetypeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#mimetypes
msilibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#msilib
multiprocessinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#multiprocessing
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#os
pathlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pathlib
pdbhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pdb
py_compilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#py-compile
pydochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#pydoc
queuehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#queue
rehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#re
signalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#signal
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#socket
socketserverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#socketserver
sqlite3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#sqlite3
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#ssl
stringhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#string
subprocesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#subprocess
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#sys
timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#time
tkinterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#tkinter
tracemallochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#tracemalloc
typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#types
unicodedatahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#unicodedata
unittesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest
unittest.mockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest-mock
urllib.parsehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#urllib-parse
uuhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#uu
uuidhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#uuid
warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#warnings
xml.etreehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#xml-etree
xmlrpc.serverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#xmlrpc-server
zipapphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#zipapp
zipfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#zipfile
C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#c-api-changes
Build Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#build-changes
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#optimizations
Other CPython Implementation Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes
Deprecated Python Behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-behavior
Deprecated Python modules, functions and methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods
aifchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#aifc
asynciohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#whatsnew37-asyncio-deprecated
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id3
dbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id4
enumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id5
gettexthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#gettext
importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id6
localehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id7
macpathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#macpath
threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#threading
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id8
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id9
sunauhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#sunau
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id10
wavehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#wave
Deprecated functions and types of the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api
Platform Support Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#platform-support-removals
API and Feature Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#api-and-feature-removals
Module Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#module-removals
Windows-only Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#windows-only-changes
Porting to Python 3.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#porting-to-python-3-7
Changes in Python Behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-python-behavior
Changes in the Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-python-api
Changes in the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-c-api
CPython bytecode changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#cpython-bytecode-changes
Windows-only Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id12
Other CPython implementation changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#id13
Notable changes in Python 3.7.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-1
Notable changes in Python 3.7.2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-2
Notable changes in Python 3.7.6https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-6
Notable changes in Python 3.7.10https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-10
What’s New In Python 3.6https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html
Summary – Release highlightshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#summary-release-highlights
New Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-features
PEP 498: Formatted string literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals
PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-526-syntax-for-variable-annotations
PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-515-underscores-in-numeric-literals
PEP 525: Asynchronous Generatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-525-asynchronous-generators
PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-530-asynchronous-comprehensions
PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-simpler-customization-of-class-creation
PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-descriptor-protocol-enhancements
PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-519-adding-a-file-system-path-protocol
PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-495-local-time-disambiguation
PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-529-change-windows-filesystem-encoding-to-utf-8
PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-528-change-windows-console-encoding-to-utf-8
PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-520-preserving-class-attribute-definition-order
PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-468-preserving-keyword-argument-order
New dict implementationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-dict-implementation
PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-523-adding-a-frame-evaluation-api-to-cpython
PYTHONMALLOC environment variablehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pythonmalloc-environment-variable
DTrace and SystemTap probing supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#dtrace-and-systemtap-probing-support
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#other-language-changes
New Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-modules
secretshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#secrets
Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#improved-modules
arrayhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#array
asthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#ast
asynciohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncio
binasciihttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#binascii
cmathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#cmath
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#collections
concurrent.futureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#concurrent-futures
contextlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#contextlib
datetimehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#datetime
decimalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#decimal
distutilshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#distutils
emailhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#email
encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#encodings
enumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#enum
faulthandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#faulthandler
fileinputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#fileinput
hashlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#hashlib
http.clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#http-client
idlelib and IDLEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#idlelib-and-idle
importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#importlib
inspecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#inspect
jsonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#json
logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#logging
mathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#math
multiprocessinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#multiprocessing
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#os
pathlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pathlib
pdbhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pdb
picklehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pickle
pickletoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pickletools
pydochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#pydoc
randomhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#random
rehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#re
readlinehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#readline
rlcompleterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#rlcompleter
shlexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#shlex
sitehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#site
sqlite3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#sqlite3
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#socket
socketserverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#socketserver
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#ssl
statisticshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#statistics
structhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#struct
subprocesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#subprocess
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#sys
telnetlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#telnetlib
timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#time
timeithttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#timeit
tkinterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#tkinter
tracebackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#traceback
tracemallochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#tracemalloc
typinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#typing
unicodedatahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#unicodedata
unittest.mockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#unittest-mock
urllib.requesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-request
urllib.robotparserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-robotparser
venvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#venv
warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#warnings
winreghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#winreg
winsoundhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#winsound
xmlrpc.clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#xmlrpc-client
zipfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#zipfile
zlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#zlib
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#optimizations
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Other Improvementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#other-improvements
Deprecatedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated
New Keywordshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-keywords
Deprecated Python behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-behavior
Deprecated Python modules, functions and methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods
asynchathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#asynchat
asyncorehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncore
dbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#dbm
distutilshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#id2
grphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#grp
importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#id3
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#id4
rehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#id5
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#id6
tkinterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#id7
venvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#whatsnew36-venv
Deprecated functions and types of the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api
Deprecated Build Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-build-options
Removedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#removed
API and Feature Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#api-and-feature-removals
Porting to Python 3.6https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#porting-to-python-3-6
Changes in ‘python’ Command Behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior
Changes in the Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-python-api
Changes in the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-c-api
CPython bytecode changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#cpython-bytecode-changes
Notable changes in Python 3.6.2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-2
New make regen-all build targethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target
Removal of make touch build targethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target
Notable changes in Python 3.6.4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-4
Notable changes in Python 3.6.5https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-5
Notable changes in Python 3.6.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-7
Notable changes in Python 3.6.10https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-10
Notable changes in Python 3.6.13https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-13
What’s New In Python 3.5https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html
Summary – Release highlightshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#summary-release-highlights
New Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-features
PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax
PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication
PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations
PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearrayhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray
PEP 484 - Type Hintshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-484-type-hints
PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iteratorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator
PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTRhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr
PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators
PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equalityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality
PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environmentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments
PEP 488: Elimination of PYO fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files
PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initializationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#other-language-changes
New Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-modules
typinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#typing
zipapphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#zipapp
Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#improved-modules
argparsehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#argparse
asynciohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#asyncio
bz2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#bz2
cgihttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#cgi
cmathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#cmath
codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#code
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#collections
collections.abchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#collections-abc
compileallhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#compileall
concurrent.futureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#concurrent-futures
configparserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#configparser
contextlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#contextlib
csvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#csv
curseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#curses
dbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#dbm
difflibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#difflib
distutilshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#distutils
doctesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#doctest
emailhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#email
enumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#enum
faulthandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#faulthandler
functoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#functools
globhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#glob
gziphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#gzip
heapqhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#heapq
httphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#http
http.clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#http-client
idlelib and IDLEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#idlelib-and-idle
imaplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#imaplib
imghdrhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#imghdr
importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#importlib
inspecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#inspect
iohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#io
ipaddresshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#ipaddress
jsonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#json
linecachehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#linecache
localehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#locale
logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#logging
lzmahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#lzma
mathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#math
multiprocessinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#multiprocessing
operatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#operator
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#os
pathlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pathlib
picklehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#pickle
poplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#poplib
rehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#re
readlinehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#readline
selectorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#selectors
shutilhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#shutil
signalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#signal
smtpdhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#smtpd
smtplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#smtplib
sndhdrhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#sndhdr
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#socket
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#ssl
Memory BIO Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#memory-bio-support
Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support
Other Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#other-changes
sqlite3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#sqlite3
subprocesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#subprocess
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#sys
sysconfighttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#sysconfig
tarfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#tarfile
threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#threading
timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#time
timeithttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#timeit
tkinterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#tkinter
tracebackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#traceback
typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#types
unicodedatahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#unicodedata
unittesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest
unittest.mockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest-mock
urllibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#urllib
wsgirefhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#wsgiref
xmlrpchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#xmlrpc
xml.saxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#xml-sax
zipfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#zipfile
Other module-level changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#other-module-level-changes
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#optimizations
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Deprecatedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated
New Keywordshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-keywords
Deprecated Python Behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-behavior
Unsupported Operating Systemshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#unsupported-operating-systems
Deprecated Python modules, functions and methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods
Removedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#removed
API and Feature Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#api-and-feature-removals
Porting to Python 3.5https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#porting-to-python-3-5
Changes in Python behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-python-behavior
Changes in the Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-python-api
Changes in the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-c-api
Notable changes in Python 3.5.4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4
New make regen-all build targethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target
Removal of make touch build targethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.5.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target
What’s New In Python 3.4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html
Summary – Release Highlightshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#summary-release-highlights
New Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#new-features
PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-453-explicit-bootstrapping-of-pip-in-python-installations
Bootstrapping pip By Defaulthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default
Documentation Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#documentation-changes
PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritablehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-446-newly-created-file-descriptors-are-non-inheritable
Improvements to Codec Handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#improvements-to-codec-handling
PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import Systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-451-a-modulespec-type-for-the-import-system
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#other-language-changes
New Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#new-modules
asynciohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#asyncio
ensurepiphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#ensurepip
enumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#enum
pathlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pathlib
selectorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#selectors
statisticshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#statistics
tracemallochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#tracemalloc
Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#improved-modules
abchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#abc
aifchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#aifc
argparsehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#argparse
audioophttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#audioop
base64https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#base64
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#collections
colorsyshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#colorsys
contextlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#contextlib
dbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#dbm
dishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#dis
doctesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#doctest
emailhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#email
filecmphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#filecmp
functoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#functools
gchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#gc
globhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#glob
hashlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#hashlib
hmachttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#hmac
htmlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#html
httphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#http
idlelib and IDLEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#idlelib-and-idle
importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#importlib
inspecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#inspect
ipaddresshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#ipaddress
logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#logging
marshalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#marshal
mmaphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#mmap
multiprocessinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#multiprocessing
operatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#operator
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#os
pdbhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pdb
picklehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pickle
plistlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#plistlib
poplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#poplib
pprinthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pprint
ptyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pty
pydochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pydoc
rehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#re
resourcehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#resource
selecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#select
shelvehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#shelve
shutilhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#shutil
smtpdhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#smtpd
smtplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#smtplib
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#socket
sqlite3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#sqlite3
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#ssl
stathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#stat
structhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#struct
subprocesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#subprocess
sunauhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#sunau
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#sys
tarfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#tarfile
textwraphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#textwrap
threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#threading
tracebackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#traceback
typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#types
urllibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#urllib
unittesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#unittest
venvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#venv
wavehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#wave
weakrefhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#weakref
xml.etreehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#xml-etree
zipfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#zipfile
CPython Implementation Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#cpython-implementation-changes
PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-445-customization-of-cpython-memory-allocators
PEP 442: Safe Object Finalizationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-442-safe-object-finalization
PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-456-secure-and-interchangeable-hash-algorithm
PEP 436: Argument Clinichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-436-argument-clinic
Other Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#other-build-and-c-api-changes
Other Improvementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#other-improvements
Significant Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#significant-optimizations
Deprecatedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated
Deprecations in the Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecations-in-the-python-api
Deprecated Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated-features
Removedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#removed
Operating Systems No Longer Supportedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#operating-systems-no-longer-supported
API and Feature Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#api-and-feature-removals
Code Cleanupshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#code-cleanups
Porting to Python 3.4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#porting-to-python-3-4
Changes in ‘python’ Command Behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior
Changes in the Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-python-api
Changes in the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-c-api
Changed in 3.4.3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#changed-in-3-4-3
PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clientshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients
What’s New In Python 3.3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html
Summary – Release highlightshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#summary-release-highlights
PEP 405: Virtual Environmentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-405-virtual-environments
PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-420-implicit-namespace-packages
PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3118-new-memoryview-implementation-and-buffer-protocol-documentation
Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#features
API changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#api-changes
PEP 393: Flexible String Representationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-393-flexible-string-representation
Functionalityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#functionality
Performance and resource usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#performance-and-resource-usage
PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-397-python-launcher-for-windows
PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3151-reworking-the-os-and-io-exception-hierarchy
PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgeneratorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-380-syntax-for-delegating-to-a-subgenerator
PEP 409: Suppressing exception contexthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-409-suppressing-exception-context
PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-414-explicit-unicode-literals
PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3155-qualified-name-for-classes-and-functions
PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionaryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-412-key-sharing-dictionary
PEP 362: Function Signature Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-362-function-signature-object
PEP 421: Adding sys.implementationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-421-adding-sys-implementation
SimpleNamespacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#simplenamespace
Using importlib as the Implementation of Importhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#using-importlib-as-the-implementation-of-import
New APIshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#new-apis
Visible Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#visible-changes
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#other-language-changes
A Finer-Grained Import Lockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#a-finer-grained-import-lock
Builtin functions and typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#builtin-functions-and-types
New Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#new-modules
faulthandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#faulthandler
ipaddresshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#ipaddress
lzmahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#lzma
Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#improved-modules
abchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#abc
arrayhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#array
base64https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#base64
binasciihttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#binascii
bz2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#bz2
codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#codecs
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#collections
contextlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#contextlib
crypthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#crypt
curseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#curses
datetimehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#datetime
decimalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#decimal
Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#id1
API changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#id2
emailhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#email
Policy Frameworkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#policy-framework
Provisional Policy with New Header APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#provisional-policy-with-new-header-api
Other API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#other-api-changes
ftplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#ftplib
functoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#functools
gchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#gc
hmachttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#hmac
httphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#http
htmlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#html
imaplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#imaplib
inspecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#inspect
iohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#io
itertoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#itertools
logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#logging
mathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#math
mmaphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#mmap
multiprocessinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#multiprocessing
nntplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#nntplib
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#os
pdbhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pdb
picklehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pickle
pydochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#pydoc
rehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#re
schedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#sched
selecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#select
shlexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#shlex
shutilhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#shutil
signalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#signal
smtpdhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#smtpd
smtplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#smtplib
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#socket
socketserverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#socketserver
sqlite3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#sqlite3
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#ssl
stathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#stat
structhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#struct
subprocesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#subprocess
syshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#sys
tarfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#tarfile
tempfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#tempfile
textwraphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#textwrap
threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#threading
timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#time
typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#types
unittesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#unittest
urllibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#urllib
webbrowserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#webbrowser
xml.etree.ElementTreehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#xml-etree-elementtree
zlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#zlib
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#optimizations
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Deprecatedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated
Unsupported Operating Systemshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#unsupported-operating-systems
Deprecated Python modules, functions and methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods
Deprecated functions and types of the C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api
Deprecated featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-features
Porting to Python 3.3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-to-python-3-3
Porting Python codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-python-code
Porting C codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-c-code
Building C extensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#building-c-extensions
Command Line Switch Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.3.html#command-line-switch-changes
What’s New In Python 3.2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html
PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-384-defining-a-stable-abi
PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-389-argparse-command-line-parsing-module
PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging
PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3148-the-concurrent-futures-module
PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3147-pyc-repository-directories
PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3149-abi-version-tagged-so-files
PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3333-python-web-server-gateway-interface-v1-0-1
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#other-language-changes
New, Improved, and Deprecated Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules
emailhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#email
elementtreehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#elementtree
functoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#functools
itertoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#itertools
collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#collections
threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#threading
datetime and timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#datetime-and-time
mathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#math
abchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#abc
iohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#io
reprlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#reprlib
logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#logging
csvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#csv
contextlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#contextlib
decimal and fractionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#decimal-and-fractions
ftphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#ftp
popenhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#popen
selecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#select
gzip and zipfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#gzip-and-zipfile
tarfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#tarfile
hashlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#hashlib
asthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#ast
oshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#os
shutilhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#shutil
sqlite3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#sqlite3
htmlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#html
sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#socket
sslhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#ssl
nntphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#nntp
certificateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#certificates
imaplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#imaplib
http.clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#http-client
unittesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#unittest
randomhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#random
poplibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#poplib
asyncorehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#asyncore
tempfilehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#tempfile
inspecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#inspect
pydochttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pydoc
dishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#dis
dbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#dbm
ctypeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#ctypes
sitehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#site
sysconfighttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#sysconfig
pdbhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#pdb
configparserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#configparser
urllib.parsehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#urllib-parse
mailboxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#mailbox
turtledemohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#turtledemo
Multi-threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#multi-threading
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#optimizations
Unicodehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#unicode
Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#codecs
Documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#documentation
IDLEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#idle
Code Repositoryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#code-repository
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Porting to Python 3.2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.2.html#porting-to-python-3-2
What’s New In Python 3.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html
PEP 372: Ordered Dictionarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-372-ordered-dictionaries
PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#other-language-changes
New, Improved, and Deprecated Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#optimizations
IDLEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#idle
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Porting to Python 3.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.1.html#porting-to-python-3-1
What’s New In Python 3.0https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html
Common Stumbling Blockshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#common-stumbling-blocks
Print Is A Functionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function
Views And Iterators Instead Of Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#views-and-iterators-instead-of-lists
Ordering Comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#ordering-comparisons
Integershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#integers
Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bithttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#text-vs-data-instead-of-unicode-vs-8-bit
Overview Of Syntax Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#overview-of-syntax-changes
New Syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#new-syntax
Changed Syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#changed-syntax
Removed Syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#removed-syntax
Changes Already Present In Python 2.6https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-already-present-in-python-2-6
Library Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#library-changes
PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#pep-3101-a-new-approach-to-string-formatting
Changes To Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-to-exceptions
Miscellaneous Other Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#miscellaneous-other-changes
Operators And Special Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#operators-and-special-methods
Builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#builtins
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Performancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#performance
Porting To Python 3.0https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/3.0.html#porting-to-python-3-0
What’s New in Python 2.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html
The Future for Python 2.xhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x
Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#changes-to-the-handling-of-deprecation-warnings
Python 3.1 Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features
PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections
PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator
PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines
PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging
PEP 3106: Dictionary Viewshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views
PEP 3137: The memoryview Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes
Interpreter Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#interpreter-changes
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#optimizations
New and Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules
New module: importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-importlib
New module: sysconfighttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-sysconfig
ttk: Themed Widgets for Tkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#ttk-themed-widgets-for-tk
Updated module: unittesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-unittest
Updated module: ElementTree 1.3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-elementtree-1-3
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Capsuleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#capsules
Port-Specific Changes: Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-windows
Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS Xhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x
Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSDhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-freebsd
Other Changes and Fixeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes
Porting to Python 2.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7
New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releaseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-features-added-to-python-2-7-maintenance-releases
Two new environment variables for debug modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#two-new-environment-variables-for-debug-mode
PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Brancheshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-434-idle-enhancement-exception-for-all-branches
PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-466-network-security-enhancements-for-python-2-7
PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-477-backport-ensurepip-pep-453-to-python-2-7
Bootstrapping pip By Defaulthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default
Documentation Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#documentation-changes
PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clientshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients
PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-493-https-verification-migration-tools-for-python-2-7
New make regen-all build targethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target
Removal of make touch build targethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.7.html#acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.6https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html
Python 3.0https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#python-3-0
Changes to the Development Processhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process
New Issue Tracker: Rounduphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#new-issue-tracker-roundup
New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#new-documentation-format-restructuredtext-using-sphinx
PEP 343: The ‘with’ statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement
Writing Context Managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#writing-context-managers
The contextlib modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-contextlib-module
PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module
PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directoryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory
PEP 371: The multiprocessing Packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package
PEP 3101: Advanced String Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting
PEP 3105: print As a Functionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function
PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes
PEP 3112: Byte Literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals
PEP 3116: New I/O Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library
PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol
PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes
PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax
PEP 3129: Class Decoratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators
PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers
The fractions Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-fractions-module
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#other-language-changes
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#optimizations
Interpreter Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#interpreter-changes
New and Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules
The ast modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-ast-module
The future_builtins modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-future-builtins-module
The json module: JavaScript Object Notationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-json-module-javascript-object-notation
The plistlib module: A Property-List Parserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-plistlib-module-a-property-list-parser
ctypes Enhancementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#ctypes-enhancements
Improved SSL Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#improved-ssl-support
Deprecations and Removalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Port-Specific Changes: Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-windows
Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS Xhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x
Port-Specific Changes: IRIXhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-irix
Porting to Python 2.6https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.6.html#acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.5https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html
PEP 308: Conditional Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions
PEP 309: Partial Function Applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application
PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1
PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Importshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports
PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scriptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts
PEP 341: Unified try/except/finallyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally
PEP 342: New Generator Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features
PEP 343: The ‘with’ statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement
Writing Context Managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#writing-context-managers
The contextlib modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-contextlib-module
PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes
PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type
PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#other-language-changes
Interactive Interpreter Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#interactive-interpreter-changes
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#optimizations
New, Improved, and Removed Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules
The ctypes packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-ctypes-package
The ElementTree packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-elementtree-package
The hashlib packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-hashlib-package
The sqlite3 packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-sqlite3-package
The wsgiref packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-wsgiref-package
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Port-Specific Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#port-specific-changes
Porting to Python 2.5https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.5.html#acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html
PEP 218: Built-In Set Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects
PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers
PEP 289: Generator Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions
PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions
PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods
PEP 322: Reverse Iterationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration
PEP 324: New subprocess Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module
PEP 327: Decimal Data Typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type
Why is Decimal needed?https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#why-is-decimal-needed
The Decimal typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#the-decimal-type
The Context typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#the-context-type
PEP 328: Multi-line Importshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports
PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#other-language-changes
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#optimizations
New, Improved, and Deprecated Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules
cookielibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#cookielib
doctesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#doctest
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Port-Specific Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#port-specific-changes
Porting to Python 2.4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.4.html#acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html
PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatypehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype
PEP 255: Simple Generatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators
PEP 263: Source Code Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings
PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives
PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NThttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt
PEP 278: Universal Newline Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support
PEP 279: enumerate()https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate
PEP 282: The logging Packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package
PEP 285: A Boolean Typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type
PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbackshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks
PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutilshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils
PEP 302: New Import Hookshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks
PEP 305: Comma-separated Fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files
PEP 307: Pickle Enhancementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements
Extended Sliceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#extended-slices
Other Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#other-language-changes
String Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#string-changes
Optimizationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#optimizations
New, Improved, and Deprecated Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules
Date/Time Typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#date-time-type
The optparse Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#the-optparse-module
Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator
Build and C API Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes
Port-Specific Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#port-specific-changes
Other Changes and Fixeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes
Porting to Python 2.3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.3.html#acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#introduction
PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes
Old and New Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#old-and-new-classes
Descriptorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#descriptors
Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#multiple-inheritance-the-diamond-rule
Attribute Accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#attribute-access
Related Linkshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#related-links
PEP 234: Iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-234-iterators
PEP 255: Simple Generatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators
PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers
PEP 238: Changing the Division Operatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator
Unicode Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#unicode-changes
PEP 227: Nested Scopeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes
New and Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules
Interpreter Changes and Fixeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes
Other Changes and Fixeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.2.html#acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.1https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#introduction
PEP 227: Nested Scopeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes
PEP 236: __future__ Directiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives
PEP 207: Rich Comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons
PEP 230: Warning Frameworkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework
PEP 229: New Build Systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system
PEP 205: Weak Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references
PEP 232: Function Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes
PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms
PEP 217: Interactive Display Hookhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook
PEP 208: New Coercion Modelhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model
PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages
New and Improved Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules
Other Changes and Fixeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.1.html#acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.0https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#introduction
What About Python 1.6?https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6
New Development Processhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#new-development-process
Unicodehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#unicode
List Comprehensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#list-comprehensions
Augmented Assignmenthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#augmented-assignment
String Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#string-methods
Garbage Collection of Cycleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles
Other Core Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#other-core-changes
Minor Language Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#minor-language-changes
Changes to Built-in Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#changes-to-built-in-functions
Porting to 2.0https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#porting-to-2-0
Extending/Embedding Changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes
Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Installhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install
XML Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#xml-modules
SAX2 Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#sax2-support
DOM Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#dom-support
Relationship to PyXMLhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#relationship-to-pyxml
Module changeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#module-changes
New moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#new-modules
IDLE Improvementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#idle-improvements
Deleted and Deprecated Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/2.0.html#acknowledgements
Changeloghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html
Python nexthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-next
Securityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#security
Core and Builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#core-and-builtins
Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#library
Documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#documentation
Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#tests
Buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#build
Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#windows
macOShttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#macos
C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#c-api
Python 3.12.0 alpha 5https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-5
Securityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id2
Core and Builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id4
Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id5
Documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id6
Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id7
Buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id8
Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id9
Python 3.12.0 alpha 4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-4
Core and Builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id10
Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id11
Documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id12
Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id13
Buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id14
Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id15
macOShttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id16
Tools/Demoshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#tools-demos
C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id17
Python 3.12.0 alpha 3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-3
Securityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id18
Core and Builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id19
Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id20
Documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id21
Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id22
Buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id23
Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id24
macOShttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id25
Tools/Demoshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id26
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Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id554
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Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id557
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Buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id565
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Python 3.5.1 finalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-1-final
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Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id574
Buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id575
Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id576
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Python 3.5.0 finalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-final
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Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-4
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Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-3
Core and Builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id581
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Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-2
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Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id584
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Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id589
Python 3.5.0 beta 4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-4
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Python 3.5.0 beta 3https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-3
Core and Builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id593
Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id594
Testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#id595
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Python 3.5.0 beta 2https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-2
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Python 3.5.0 alpha 4https://python-sidebar.github.io/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-4
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----------------------https://python-sidebar.github.io/glossary.html
The Python Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/index.html
1. Whetting Your Appetitehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/appetite.html
2. Using the Python Interpreterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interpreter.html
2.1. Invoking the Interpreterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter
2.1.1. Argument Passinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interpreter.html#argument-passing
2.1.2. Interactive Modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode
2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environmenthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment
2.2.1. Source Code Encodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interpreter.html#source-code-encoding
3. An Informal Introduction to Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/introduction.html
3.1. Using Python as a Calculatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator
3.1.1. Numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/introduction.html#numbers
3.1.2. Stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/introduction.html#strings
3.1.3. Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/introduction.html#lists
3.2. First Steps Towards Programminghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming
4. More Control Flow Toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html
4.1. if Statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#if-statements
4.2. for Statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements
4.3. The range() Functionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#the-range-function
4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loopshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops
4.5. pass Statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements
4.6. match Statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#match-statements
4.7. Defining Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions
4.8. More on Defining Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions
4.8.1. Default Argument Valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#default-argument-values
4.8.2. Keyword Argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-arguments
4.8.3. Special parametershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#special-parameters
4.8.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#positional-or-keyword-arguments
4.8.3.2. Positional-Only Parametershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#positional-only-parameters
4.8.3.3. Keyword-Only Argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-only-arguments
4.8.3.4. Function Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#function-examples
4.8.3.5. Recaphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#recap
4.8.4. Arbitrary Argument Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists
4.8.5. Unpacking Argument Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists
4.8.6. Lambda Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions
4.8.7. Documentation Stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#documentation-strings
4.8.8. Function Annotationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#function-annotations
4.9. Intermezzo: Coding Stylehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style
5. Data Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html
5.1. More on Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists
5.1.1. Using Lists as Stackshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks
5.1.2. Using Lists as Queueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues
5.1.3. List Comprehensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions
5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions
5.2. The del statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#the-del-statement
5.3. Tuples and Sequenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences
5.4. Setshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#sets
5.5. Dictionarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries
5.6. Looping Techniqueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#looping-techniques
5.7. More on Conditionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-conditions
5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types
6. Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html
6.1. More on Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#more-on-modules
6.1.1. Executing modules as scriptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts
6.1.2. The Module Search Pathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path
6.1.3. “Compiled” Python fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#compiled-python-files
6.2. Standard Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#standard-modules
6.3. The dir() Functionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#the-dir-function
6.4. Packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#packages
6.4.1. Importing * From a Packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#importing-from-a-package
6.4.2. Intra-package Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#intra-package-references
6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories
7. Input and Outputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html
7.1. Fancier Output Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting
7.1.1. Formatted String Literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals
7.1.2. The String format() Methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#the-string-format-method
7.1.3. Manual String Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#manual-string-formatting
7.1.4. Old string formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting
7.2. Reading and Writing Fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
7.2.1. Methods of File Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects
7.2.2. Saving structured data with jsonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json
8. Errors and Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html
8.1. Syntax Errorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#syntax-errors
8.2. Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#exceptions
8.3. Handling Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#handling-exceptions
8.4. Raising Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions
8.5. Exception Chaininghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#exception-chaining
8.6. User-defined Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#user-defined-exceptions
8.7. Defining Clean-up Actionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions
8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions
8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#raising-and-handling-multiple-unrelated-exceptions
8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/errors.html#enriching-exceptions-with-notes
9. Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html
9.1. A Word About Names and Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects
9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces
9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example
9.3. A First Look at Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes
9.3.1. Class Definition Syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#class-definition-syntax
9.3.2. Class Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#class-objects
9.3.3. Instance Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#instance-objects
9.3.4. Method Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#method-objects
9.3.5. Class and Instance Variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables
9.4. Random Remarkshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#random-remarks
9.5. Inheritancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#inheritance
9.5.1. Multiple Inheritancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#multiple-inheritance
9.6. Private Variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#private-variables
9.7. Odds and Endshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#odds-and-ends
9.8. Iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#iterators
9.9. Generatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#generators
9.10. Generator Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/classes.html#generator-expressions
10. Brief Tour of the Standard Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html
10.1. Operating System Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#operating-system-interface
10.2. File Wildcardshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#file-wildcards
10.3. Command Line Argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#command-line-arguments
10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Terminationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination
10.5. String Pattern Matchinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#string-pattern-matching
10.6. Mathematicshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#mathematics
10.7. Internet Accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#internet-access
10.8. Dates and Timeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#dates-and-times
10.9. Data Compressionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#data-compression
10.10. Performance Measurementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#performance-measurement
10.11. Quality Controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#quality-control
10.12. Batteries Includedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib.html#batteries-included
11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part IIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html
11.1. Output Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#output-formatting
11.2. Templatinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#templating
11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layoutshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts
11.4. Multi-threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#multi-threading
11.5. Logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#logging
11.6. Weak Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#weak-references
11.7. Tools for Working with Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#tools-for-working-with-lists
11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/stdlib2.html#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic
12. Virtual Environments and Packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/venv.html
12.1. Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/venv.html#introduction
12.2. Creating Virtual Environmentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments
12.3. Managing Packages with piphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/venv.html#managing-packages-with-pip
13. What Now?https://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/whatnow.html
14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitutionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interactive.html
14.1. Tab Completion and History Editinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interactive.html#tab-completion-and-history-editing
14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/interactive.html#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter
15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/floatingpoint.html
15.1. Representation Errorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error
16. Appendixhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/appendix.html
16.1. Interactive Modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/appendix.html#interactive-mode
16.1.1. Error Handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/appendix.html#error-handling
16.1.2. Executable Python Scriptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/appendix.html#executable-python-scripts
16.1.3. The Interactive Startup Filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/appendix.html#the-interactive-startup-file
16.1.4. The Customization Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/tutorial/appendix.html#the-customization-modules
The Python Standard Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/index.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/intro.html
Notes on availabilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/intro.html#notes-on-availability
WebAssembly platformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/intro.html#webassembly-platforms
Built-in Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/functions.html
Built-in Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/constants.html
Constants added by the site modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module
Built-in Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html
Truth Value Testinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing
Boolean Operations — and, or, nothttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not
Comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#comparisons
Numeric Types — int, float, complexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex
Bitwise Operations on Integer Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types
Additional Methods on Integer Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-integer-types
Additional Methods on Floathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-float
Hashing of numeric typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#hashing-of-numeric-types
Iterator Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types
Generator Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#generator-types
Sequence Types — list, tuple, rangehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range
Common Sequence Operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#common-sequence-operations
Immutable Sequence Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#immutable-sequence-types
Mutable Sequence Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#mutable-sequence-types
Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#lists
Tupleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#tuples
Rangeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#ranges
Text Sequence Type — strhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str
String Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods
printf-style String Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting
Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview
Bytes Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#bytes-objects
Bytearray Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray-objects
Bytes and Bytearray Operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#bytes-and-bytearray-operations
printf-style Bytes Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-bytes-formatting
Memory Viewshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#memory-views
Set Types — set, frozensethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset
Mapping Types — dicthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict
Dictionary view objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#dictionary-view-objects
Context Manager Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types
Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias, Unionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#type-annotation-types-generic-alias-union
Generic Alias Typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#generic-alias-type
Standard Generic Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#standard-generic-classes
Special Attributes of GenericAlias objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes-of-genericalias-objects
Union Typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#union-type
Other Built-in Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types
Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#modules
Classes and Class Instanceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#classes-and-class-instances
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#functions
Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#methods
Code Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#code-objects
Type Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#type-objects
The Null Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#the-null-object
The Ellipsis Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#the-ellipsis-object
The NotImplemented Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#the-notimplemented-object
Boolean Valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#boolean-values
Internal Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#internal-objects
Special Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes
Integer string conversion length limitationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#integer-string-conversion-length-limitation
Affected APIshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#affected-apis
Configuring the limithttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#configuring-the-limit
Recommended configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stdtypes.html#recommended-configuration
Built-in Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html
Exception contexthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#exception-context
Inheriting from built-in exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#inheriting-from-built-in-exceptions
Base classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#base-classes
Concrete exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions
OS exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#os-exceptions
Warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#warnings
Exception groupshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#exception-groups
Exception hierarchyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy
Text Processing Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/text.html
string — Common string operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html
String constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html#string-constants
Custom String Formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html#custom-string-formatting
Format String Syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html#format-string-syntax
Format Specification Mini-Languagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language
Format exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html#format-examples
Template stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html#template-strings
Helper functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/string.html#helper-functions
re — Regular expression operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html
Regular Expression Syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#regular-expression-syntax
Module Contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#module-contents
Flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#flags
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#functions
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#exceptions
Regular Expression Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#regular-expression-objects
Match Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#match-objects
Regular Expression Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#regular-expression-examples
Checking for a Pairhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#checking-for-a-pair
Simulating scanf()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#simulating-scanf
search() vs. match()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#search-vs-match
Making a Phonebookhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#making-a-phonebook
Text Munginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#text-munging
Finding all Adverbshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs
Finding all Adverbs and their Positionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions
Raw String Notationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#raw-string-notation
Writing a Tokenizerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/re.html#writing-a-tokenizer
difflib — Helpers for computing deltashttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/difflib.html
SequenceMatcher Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-objects
SequenceMatcher Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-examples
Differ Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/difflib.html#differ-objects
Differ Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/difflib.html#differ-example
A command-line interface to difflibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/difflib.html#a-command-line-interface-to-difflib
ndiff examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/difflib.html#ndiff-example
textwrap — Text wrapping and fillinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/textwrap.html
unicodedata — Unicode Databasehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unicodedata.html
stringprep — Internet String Preparationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stringprep.html
readline — GNU readline interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html
Init filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html#init-file
Line bufferhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html#line-buffer
History filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html#history-file
History listhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html#history-list
Startup hookshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html#startup-hooks
Completionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html#completion
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/readline.html#example
rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readlinehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/rlcompleter.html
Completer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/rlcompleter.html#completer-objects
Binary Data Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/binary.html
struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html
Functions and Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#functions-and-exceptions
Format Stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#format-strings
Byte Order, Size, and Alignmenthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#byte-order-size-and-alignment
Format Charactershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#format-characters
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#examples
Applicationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#applications
Native Formatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#native-formats
Standard Formatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#standard-formats
Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/struct.html#classes
codecs — Codec registry and base classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html
Codec Base Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes
Error Handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#error-handlers
Stateless Encoding and Decodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#stateless-encoding-and-decoding
Incremental Encoding and Decodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#incremental-encoding-and-decoding
IncrementalEncoder Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#incrementalencoder-objects
IncrementalDecoder Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#incrementaldecoder-objects
Stream Encoding and Decodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#stream-encoding-and-decoding
StreamWriter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#streamwriter-objects
StreamReader Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#streamreader-objects
StreamReaderWriter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#streamreaderwriter-objects
StreamRecoder Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#streamrecoder-objects
Encodings and Unicodehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#encodings-and-unicode
Standard Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#standard-encodings
Python Specific Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#python-specific-encodings
Text Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#text-encodings
Binary Transformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#binary-transforms
Text Transformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#text-transforms
encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applicationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna
encodings.mbcs — Windows ANSI codepagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#module-encodings.mbcs
encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signaturehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig
Data Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datatypes.html
datetime — Basic date and time typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html
Aware and Naive Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#aware-and-naive-objects
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#constants
Available Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#available-types
Common Propertieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#common-properties
Determining if an Object is Aware or Naivehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#determining-if-an-object-is-aware-or-naive
timedelta Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects
Examples of usage: timedeltahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-timedelta
date Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#date-objects
Examples of Usage: datehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-date
datetime Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#datetime-objects
Examples of Usage: datetimehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-datetime
time Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#time-objects
Examples of Usage: timehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-time
tzinfo Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects
timezone Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#timezone-objects
strftime() and strptime() Behaviorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior
strftime() and strptime() Format Codeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-format-codes
Technical Detailhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/datetime.html#technical-detail
zoneinfo — IANA time zone supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html
Using ZoneInfohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#using-zoneinfo
Data sourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#data-sources
Configuring the data sourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#configuring-the-data-sources
Compile-time configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#compile-time-configuration
Environment configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#environment-configuration
Runtime configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#runtime-configuration
The ZoneInfo classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#the-zoneinfo-class
String representationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#string-representations
Pickle serializationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#pickle-serialization
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#functions
Globalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#globals
Exceptions and warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zoneinfo.html#exceptions-and-warnings
calendar — General calendar-related functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/calendar.html
collections — Container datatypeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html
ChainMap objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#chainmap-objects
ChainMap Examples and Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#chainmap-examples-and-recipes
Counter objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#counter-objects
deque objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#deque-objects
deque Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#deque-recipes
defaultdict objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#defaultdict-objects
defaultdict Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#defaultdict-examples
namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fieldshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields
OrderedDict objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#ordereddict-objects
OrderedDict Examples and Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes
UserDict objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#userdict-objects
UserList objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#userlist-objects
UserString objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.html#userstring-objects
collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.abc.html
Collections Abstract Base Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes
Collections Abstract Base Classes – Detailed Descriptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes-detailed-descriptions
Examples and Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/collections.abc.html#examples-and-recipes
heapq — Heap queue algorithmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/heapq.html
Basic Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/heapq.html#basic-examples
Priority Queue Implementation Noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/heapq.html#priority-queue-implementation-notes
Theoryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/heapq.html#theory
bisect — Array bisection algorithmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bisect.html
Performance Noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bisect.html#performance-notes
Searching Sorted Listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bisect.html#searching-sorted-lists
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bisect.html#examples
array — Efficient arrays of numeric valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/array.html
weakref — Weak referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/weakref.html
Weak Reference Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/weakref.html#weak-reference-objects
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/weakref.html#example
Finalizer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/weakref.html#finalizer-objects
Comparing finalizers with __del__() methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/weakref.html#comparing-finalizers-with-del-methods
types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/types.html
Dynamic Type Creationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/types.html#dynamic-type-creation
Standard Interpreter Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/types.html#standard-interpreter-types
Additional Utility Classes and Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/types.html#additional-utility-classes-and-functions
Coroutine Utility Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/types.html#coroutine-utility-functions
copy — Shallow and deep copy operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/copy.html
pprint — Data pretty printerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pprint.html
PrettyPrinter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pprint.html#prettyprinter-objects
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pprint.html#example
reprlib — Alternate repr() implementationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/reprlib.html
Repr Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/reprlib.html#repr-objects
Subclassing Repr Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/reprlib.html#subclassing-repr-objects
enum — Support for enumerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/enum.html
Module Contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/enum.html#module-contents
Data Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/enum.html#data-types
Supported __dunder__ nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/enum.html#supported-dunder-names
Supported _sunder_ nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/enum.html#supported-sunder-names
Utilities and Decoratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/enum.html#utilities-and-decorators
Noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/enum.html#notes
graphlib — Functionality to operate with graph-like structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/graphlib.html
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/graphlib.html#exceptions
Numeric and Mathematical Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/numeric.html
numbers — Numeric abstract base classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/numbers.html
The numeric towerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/numbers.html#the-numeric-tower
Notes for type implementorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/numbers.html#notes-for-type-implementors
Adding More Numeric ABCshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs
Implementing the arithmetic operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/numbers.html#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations
math — Mathematical functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html
Number-theoretic and representation functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html#number-theoretic-and-representation-functions
Power and logarithmic functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions
Trigonometric functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html#trigonometric-functions
Angular conversionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html#angular-conversion
Hyperbolic functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions
Special functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html#special-functions
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/math.html#constants
cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmath.html
Conversions to and from polar coordinateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates
Power and logarithmic functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmath.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions
Trigonometric functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmath.html#trigonometric-functions
Hyperbolic functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmath.html#hyperbolic-functions
Classification functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmath.html#classification-functions
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmath.html#constants
decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html
Quick-start Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#quick-start-tutorial
Decimal objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#decimal-objects
Logical operandshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#logical-operands
Context objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#context-objects
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#constants
Rounding modeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#rounding-modes
Signalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#signals
Floating Point Noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#floating-point-notes
Mitigating round-off error with increased precisionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision
Special valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#special-values
Working with threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#working-with-threads
Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#recipes
Decimal FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/decimal.html#decimal-faq
fractions — Rational numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/fractions.html
random — Generate pseudo-random numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html
Bookkeeping functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#bookkeeping-functions
Functions for byteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#functions-for-bytes
Functions for integershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#functions-for-integers
Functions for sequenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#functions-for-sequences
Discrete distributionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#discrete-distributions
Real-valued distributionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#real-valued-distributions
Alternative Generatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#alternative-generator
Notes on Reproducibilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#notes-on-reproducibility
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#examples
Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/random.html#recipes
statistics — Mathematical statistics functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html
Averages and measures of central locationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html#averages-and-measures-of-central-location
Measures of spreadhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html#measures-of-spread
Statistics for relations between two inputshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html#statistics-for-relations-between-two-inputs
Function detailshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html#function-details
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html#exceptions
NormalDist objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html#normaldist-objects
NormalDist Examples and Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/statistics.html#normaldist-examples-and-recipes
Functional Programming Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/functional.html
itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient loopinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/itertools.html
Itertool functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/itertools.html#itertool-functions
Itertools Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/itertools.html#itertools-recipes
functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/functools.html
partial Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/functools.html#partial-objects
operator — Standard operators as functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/operator.html
Mapping Operators to Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/operator.html#mapping-operators-to-functions
In-place Operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/operator.html#in-place-operators
File and Directory Accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/filesys.html
pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem pathshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html
Basic usehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#basic-use
Pure pathshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#pure-paths
General propertieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#general-properties
Operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#operators
Accessing individual partshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#accessing-individual-parts
Methods and propertieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#methods-and-properties
Concrete pathshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#concrete-paths
Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#methods
Correspondence to tools in the os modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pathlib.html#correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module
os.path — Common pathname manipulationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.path.html
fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/fileinput.html
stat — Interpreting stat() resultshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/stat.html
filecmp — File and Directory Comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/filecmp.html
The dircmp classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/filecmp.html#the-dircmp-class
tempfile — Generate temporary files and directorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tempfile.html
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tempfile.html#examples
Deprecated functions and variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tempfile.html#deprecated-functions-and-variables
glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/glob.html
fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matchinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/fnmatch.html
linecache — Random access to text lineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/linecache.html
shutil — High-level file operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html
Directory and files operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#directory-and-files-operations
Platform-dependent efficient copy operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations
copytree examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#copytree-example
rmtree examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#rmtree-example
Archiving operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#archiving-operations
Archiving examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#archiving-example
Archiving example with base_dirhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#archiving-example-with-base-dir
Querying the size of the output terminalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shutil.html#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal
Data Persistencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/persistence.html
pickle — Python object serializationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html
Relationship to other Python moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#relationship-to-other-python-modules
Comparison with marshalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#comparison-with-marshal
Comparison with jsonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#comparison-with-json
Data stream formathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#data-stream-format
Module Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#module-interface
What can be pickled and unpickled?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#what-can-be-pickled-and-unpickled
Pickling Class Instanceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances
Persistence of External Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#persistence-of-external-objects
Dispatch Tableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#dispatch-tables
Handling Stateful Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#handling-stateful-objects
Custom Reduction for Types, Functions, and Other Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#custom-reduction-for-types-functions-and-other-objects
Out-of-band Buffershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#out-of-band-buffers
Provider APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#provider-api
Consumer APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#consumer-api
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#example
Restricting Globalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#restricting-globals
Performancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#performance
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickle.html#examples
copyreg — Register pickle support functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/copyreg.html
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/copyreg.html#example
shelve — Python object persistencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shelve.html
Restrictionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shelve.html#restrictions
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shelve.html#example
marshal — Internal Python object serializationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/marshal.html
dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dbm.html
dbm.gnu — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dbm.html#module-dbm.gnu
dbm.ndbm — Interface based on ndbmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dbm.html#module-dbm.ndbm
dbm.dumb — Portable DBM implementationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dbm.html#module-dbm.dumb
sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databaseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html
Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#tutorial
Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#reference
Module functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#module-functions
Module constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#module-constants
Connection objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#connection-objects
Cursor objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#cursor-objects
Row objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#row-objects
Blob objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#blob-objects
PrepareProtocol objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#prepareprotocol-objects
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#exceptions
SQLite and Python typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite-and-python-types
Default adapters and converters (deprecated)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#default-adapters-and-converters-deprecated
Command-line interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#command-line-interface
How-to guideshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-guides
How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL querieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-placeholders-to-bind-values-in-sql-queries
How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-adapt-custom-python-types-to-sqlite-values
How to write adaptable objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-write-adaptable-objects
How to register adapter callableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-register-adapter-callables
How to convert SQLite values to custom Python typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-convert-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types
Adapter and converter recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#adapter-and-converter-recipes
How to use connection shortcut methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-connection-shortcut-methods
How to use the connection context managerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-the-connection-context-manager
How to work with SQLite URIshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-work-with-sqlite-uris
How to create and use row factorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-create-and-use-row-factories
Explanationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#explanation
Transaction controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control
Transaction control via the autocommit attributehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control-via-the-autocommit-attribute
Transaction control via the isolation_level attributehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control-via-the-isolation-level-attribute
Data Compression and Archivinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/archiving.html
zlib — Compression compatible with gziphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zlib.html
gzip — Support for gzip fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gzip.html
Examples of usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gzip.html#examples-of-usage
Command Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gzip.html#command-line-interface
Command line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gzip.html#command-line-options
bz2 — Support for bzip2 compressionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bz2.html
(De)compression of fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bz2.html#de-compression-of-files
Incremental (de)compressionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bz2.html#incremental-de-compression
One-shot (de)compressionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bz2.html#one-shot-de-compression
Examples of usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bz2.html#examples-of-usage
lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/lzma.html
Reading and writing compressed fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/lzma.html#reading-and-writing-compressed-files
Compressing and decompressing data in memoryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/lzma.html#compressing-and-decompressing-data-in-memory
Miscellaneoushttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/lzma.html#miscellaneous
Specifying custom filter chainshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/lzma.html#specifying-custom-filter-chains
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/lzma.html#examples
zipfile — Work with ZIP archiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html
ZipFile Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#zipfile-objects
Path Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#path-objects
PyZipFile Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#pyzipfile-objects
ZipInfo Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#zipinfo-objects
Command-Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#command-line-interface
Command-line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#command-line-options
Decompression pitfallshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#decompression-pitfalls
From file itselfhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#from-file-itself
File System limitationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#file-system-limitations
Resources limitationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#resources-limitations
Interruptionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#interruption
Default behaviors of extractionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipfile.html#default-behaviors-of-extraction
tarfile — Read and write tar archive fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html
TarFile Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html#tarfile-objects
TarInfo Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html#tarinfo-objects
Command-Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html#command-line-interface
Command-line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html#command-line-options
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html#examples
Supported tar formatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html#supported-tar-formats
Unicode issueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tarfile.html#unicode-issues
File Formatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/fileformats.html
csv — CSV File Reading and Writinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/csv.html
Module Contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/csv.html#module-contents
Dialects and Formatting Parametershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/csv.html#dialects-and-formatting-parameters
Reader Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/csv.html#reader-objects
Writer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/csv.html#writer-objects
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/csv.html#examples
configparser — Configuration file parserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html
Quick Starthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#quick-start
Supported Datatypeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#supported-datatypes
Fallback Valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#fallback-values
Supported INI File Structurehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#supported-ini-file-structure
Interpolation of valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#interpolation-of-values
Mapping Protocol Accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#mapping-protocol-access
Customizing Parser Behaviourhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#customizing-parser-behaviour
Legacy API Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#legacy-api-examples
ConfigParser Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#configparser-objects
RawConfigParser Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#rawconfigparser-objects
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/configparser.html#exceptions
tomllib — Parse TOML fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tomllib.html
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tomllib.html#examples
Conversion Tablehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tomllib.html#conversion-table
netrc — netrc file processinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/netrc.html
netrc Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/netrc.html#netrc-objects
plistlib — Generate and parse Apple .plist fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/plistlib.html
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/plistlib.html#examples
Cryptographic Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/crypto.html
hashlib — Secure hashes and message digestshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html
Hash algorithmshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#hash-algorithms
SHAKE variable length digestshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#shake-variable-length-digests
File hashinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#file-hashing
Key derivationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#key-derivation
BLAKE2https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#blake2
Creating hash objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#creating-hash-objects
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#constants
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#examples
Simple hashinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#simple-hashing
Using different digest sizeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#using-different-digest-sizes
Keyed hashinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#keyed-hashing
Randomized hashinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#randomized-hashing
Personalizationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#personalization
Tree modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#tree-mode
Creditshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hashlib.html#credits
hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authenticationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/hmac.html
secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secretshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/secrets.html
Random numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/secrets.html#random-numbers
Generating tokenshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/secrets.html#generating-tokens
How many bytes should tokens use?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/secrets.html#how-many-bytes-should-tokens-use
Other functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/secrets.html#other-functions
Recipes and best practiceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/secrets.html#recipes-and-best-practices
Generic Operating System Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/allos.html
os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html
File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables
Python UTF-8 Modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#python-utf-8-mode
Process Parametershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#process-parameters
File Object Creationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#file-object-creation
File Descriptor Operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#file-descriptor-operations
Querying the size of a terminalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal
Inheritance of File Descriptorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors
Files and Directorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#files-and-directories
Linux extended attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#linux-extended-attributes
Process Managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#process-management
Interface to the schedulerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler
Miscellaneous System Informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#miscellaneous-system-information
Random numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/os.html#random-numbers
io — Core tools for working with streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html
Overviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#overview
Text I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#text-i-o
Binary I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#binary-i-o
Raw I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#raw-i-o
Text Encodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#text-encoding
Opt-in EncodingWarninghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#opt-in-encodingwarning
High-level Module Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#high-level-module-interface
Class hierarchyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#class-hierarchy
I/O Base Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#i-o-base-classes
Raw File I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#raw-file-i-o
Buffered Streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#buffered-streams
Text I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#id1
Performancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#performance
Binary I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#id2
Text I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#id3
Multi-threadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#multi-threading
Reentrancyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#reentrancy
time — Time access and conversionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/time.html
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/time.html#functions
Clock ID Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/time.html#clock-id-constants
Timezone Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/time.html#timezone-constants
argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commandshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html
Core Functionalityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#core-functionality
Quick Links for add_argument()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#quick-links-for-add-argument
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#example
Creating a parserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#creating-a-parser
Adding argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#adding-arguments
Parsing argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#parsing-arguments
ArgumentParser objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects
proghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#prog
usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#usage
descriptionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#description
epiloghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#epilog
parentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#parents
formatter_classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#formatter-class
prefix_charshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#prefix-chars
fromfile_prefix_charshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars
argument_defaulthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#argument-default
allow_abbrevhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#allow-abbrev
conflict_handlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#conflict-handler
add_helphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#add-help
exit_on_errorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#exit-on-error
The add_argument() methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method
name or flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#name-or-flags
actionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#action
nargshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#nargs
consthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#const
defaulthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#default
typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#type
choiceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#choices
requiredhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#required
helphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#help
metavarhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#metavar
desthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#dest
Action classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#action-classes
The parse_args() methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method
Option value syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#option-value-syntax
Invalid argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#invalid-arguments
Arguments containing -https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#arguments-containing
Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching
Beyond sys.argvhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv
The Namespace objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#the-namespace-object
Other utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#other-utilities
Sub-commandshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#sub-commands
FileType objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#filetype-objects
Argument groupshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#argument-groups
Mutual exclusionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion
Parser defaultshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#parser-defaults
Printing helphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#printing-help
Partial parsinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#partial-parsing
Customizing file parsinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing
Exiting methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#exiting-methods
Intermixed parsinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#intermixed-parsing
Upgrading optparse codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code
getopt — C-style parser for command line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/getopt.html
logging — Logging facility for Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html
Logger Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#logger-objects
Logging Levelshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#logging-levels
Handler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#handler-objects
Formatter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#formatter-objects
Filter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#filter-objects
LogRecord Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#logrecord-objects
LogRecord attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes
LoggerAdapter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#loggeradapter-objects
Thread Safetyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#thread-safety
Module-Level Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#module-level-functions
Module-Level Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#module-level-attributes
Integration with the warnings modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module
logging.config — Logging configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html
Configuration functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#configuration-functions
Security considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#security-considerations
Configuration dictionary schemahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema
Dictionary Schema Detailshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details
Incremental Configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#incremental-configuration
Object connectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#object-connections
User-defined objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#user-defined-objects
Handler configuration orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#handler-configuration-order
Access to external objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects
Access to internal objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects
Import resolution and custom importershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers
Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListenerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#configuring-queuehandler-and-queuelistener
Configuration file formathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format
logging.handlers — Logging handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html
StreamHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler
FileHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#filehandler
NullHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#nullhandler
WatchedFileHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler
BaseRotatingHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler
RotatingFileHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler
TimedRotatingFileHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler
SocketHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#sockethandler
DatagramHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler
SysLogHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler
NTEventLogHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler
SMTPHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler
MemoryHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler
HTTPHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler
QueueHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#queuehandler
QueueListenerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#queuelistener
getpass — Portable password inputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/getpass.html
curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displayshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.html
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.html#functions
Window Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.html#window-objects
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.html#constants
curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad
Textbox objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.html#textbox-objects
curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII charactershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.ascii.html
curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.panel.html
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.panel.html#functions
Panel Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.panel.html#panel-objects
platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html
Cross Platformhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html#cross-platform
Java Platformhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html#java-platform
Windows Platformhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html#windows-platform
macOS Platformhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html#macos-platform
Unix Platformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html#unix-platforms
Linux Platformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html#linux-platforms
errno — Standard errno system symbolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/errno.html
ctypes — A foreign function library for Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html
ctypes tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial
Loading dynamic link librarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries
Accessing functions from loaded dllshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls
Calling functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions
Fundamental data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types
Calling functions, continuedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued
Calling varadic functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-varadic-functions
Calling functions with your own custom data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types
Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes
Return typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#return-types
Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference
Structures and unionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions
Structure/union alignment and byte orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order
Bit fields in structures and unionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions
Arrayshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#arrays
Pointershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#pointers
Type conversionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#type-conversions
Incomplete Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types
Callback functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#callback-functions
Accessing values exported from dllshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls
Surpriseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#surprises
Variable-sized data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types
ctypes referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-reference
Finding shared librarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries
Loading shared librarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries
Foreign functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions
Function prototypeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes
Utility functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#utility-functions
Data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#data-types
Fundamental data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2
Structured data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types
Arrays and pointershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers
Concurrent Executionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrency.html
threading — Thread-based parallelismhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html
Thread-Local Datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#thread-local-data
Thread Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#thread-objects
Lock Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#lock-objects
RLock Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#rlock-objects
Condition Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#condition-objects
Semaphore Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#semaphore-objects
Semaphore Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#semaphore-example
Event Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#event-objects
Timer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#timer-objects
Barrier Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#barrier-objects
Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement
multiprocessing — Process-based parallelismhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#introduction
The Process classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#the-process-class
Contexts and start methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#contexts-and-start-methods
Exchanging objects between processeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes
Synchronization between processeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes
Sharing state between processeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes
Using a pool of workershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers
Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#reference
Process and exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions
Pipes and Queueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues
Miscellaneoushttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous
Connection Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#connection-objects
Synchronization primitiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives
Shared ctypes Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects
The multiprocessing.sharedctypes modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes
Managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#managers
Customized managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#customized-managers
Using a remote managerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager
Proxy Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects
Cleanuphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#cleanup
Process Poolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool
Listeners and Clientshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection
Address Formatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#address-formats
Authentication keyshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys
Logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#logging
The multiprocessing.dummy modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy
Programming guidelineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines
All start methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#all-start-methods
The spawn and forkserver start methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#the-spawn-and-forkserver-start-methods
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.html#examples
multiprocessing.shared_memory — Shared memory for direct access across processeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/multiprocessing.shared_memory.html
The concurrent packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.html
concurrent.futures — Launching parallel taskshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html
Executor Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#executor-objects
ThreadPoolExecutorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor
ThreadPoolExecutor Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor-example
ProcessPoolExecutorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor
ProcessPoolExecutor Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor-example
Future Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#future-objects
Module Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#module-functions
Exception classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/concurrent.futures.html#exception-classes
subprocess — Subprocess managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html
Using the subprocess Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module
Frequently Used Argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments
Popen Constructorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#popen-constructor
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#exceptions
Security Considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#security-considerations
Popen Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#popen-objects
Windows Popen Helpershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers
Windows Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#windows-constants
Older high-level APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#older-high-level-api
Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module
Replacing /bin/sh shell command substitutionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-command-substitution
Replacing shell pipelinehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline
Replacing os.system()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-system
Replacing the os.spawn familyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family
Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3
Replacing functions from the popen2 modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module
Legacy Shell Invocation Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#legacy-shell-invocation-functions
Noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#notes
Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows
Disabling use of vfork() or posix_spawn()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/subprocess.html#disabling-use-of-vfork-or-posix-spawn
sched — Event schedulerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sched.html
Scheduler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sched.html#scheduler-objects
queue — A synchronized queue classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/queue.html
Queue Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/queue.html#queue-objects
SimpleQueue Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/queue.html#simplequeue-objects
contextvars — Context Variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextvars.html
Context Variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextvars.html#context-variables
Manual Context Managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextvars.html#manual-context-management
asyncio supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextvars.html#asyncio-support
_thread — Low-level threading APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/_thread.html
Networking and Interprocess Communicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipc.html
asyncio — Asynchronous I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio.html
Runnershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-runner.html
Running an asyncio Programhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-runner.html#running-an-asyncio-program
Runner context managerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-runner.html#runner-context-manager
Handling Keyboard Interruptionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-runner.html#handling-keyboard-interruption
Coroutines and Taskshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html
Coroutineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutines
Awaitableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#awaitables
Creating Taskshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#creating-tasks
Task Cancellationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#task-cancellation
Task Groupshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#task-groups
Sleepinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#sleeping
Running Tasks Concurrentlyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#running-tasks-concurrently
Shielding From Cancellationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#shielding-from-cancellation
Timeoutshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#timeouts
Waiting Primitiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#waiting-primitives
Running in Threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#running-in-threads
Scheduling From Other Threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#scheduling-from-other-threads
Introspectionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#introspection
Task Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-task.html#task-object
Streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html
StreamReaderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html#streamreader
StreamWriterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html#streamwriter
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html#examples
TCP echo client using streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-client-using-streams
TCP echo server using streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-server-using-streams
Get HTTP headershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html#get-http-headers
Register an open socket to wait for data using streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-stream.html#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-streams
Synchronization Primitiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-sync.html
Lockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-sync.html#lock
Eventhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-sync.html#event
Conditionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-sync.html#condition
Semaphorehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-sync.html#semaphore
BoundedSemaphorehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-sync.html#boundedsemaphore
Barrierhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-sync.html#barrier
Subprocesseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-subprocess.html
Creating Subprocesseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-subprocess.html#creating-subprocesses
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-subprocess.html#constants
Interacting with Subprocesseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-subprocess.html#interacting-with-subprocesses
Subprocess and Threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-subprocess.html#subprocess-and-threads
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-subprocess.html#examples
Queueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-queue.html
Queuehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-queue.html#queue
Priority Queuehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-queue.html#priority-queue
LIFO Queuehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-queue.html#lifo-queue
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-queue.html#exceptions
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-queue.html#examples
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-exceptions.html
Event Loophttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html
Event Loop Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-methods
Running and stopping the loophttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#running-and-stopping-the-loop
Scheduling callbackshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#scheduling-callbacks
Scheduling delayed callbackshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#scheduling-delayed-callbacks
Creating Futures and Taskshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-futures-and-tasks
Opening network connectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#opening-network-connections
Creating network servershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-network-servers
Transferring fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#transferring-files
TLS Upgradehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#tls-upgrade
Watching file descriptorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watching-file-descriptors
Working with socket objects directlyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#working-with-socket-objects-directly
DNShttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#dns
Working with pipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#working-with-pipes
Unix signalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#unix-signals
Executing code in thread or process poolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#executing-code-in-thread-or-process-pools
Error Handling APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#error-handling-api
Enabling debug modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#enabling-debug-mode
Running Subprocesseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#running-subprocesses
Callback Handleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#callback-handles
Server Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#server-objects
Event Loop Implementationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-implementations
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#examples
Hello World with call_soon()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#hello-world-with-call-soon
Display the current date with call_later()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#display-the-current-date-with-call-later
Watch a file descriptor for read eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watch-a-file-descriptor-for-read-events
Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERMhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#set-signal-handlers-for-sigint-and-sigterm
Futureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-future.html
Future Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-future.html#future-functions
Future Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-future.html#future-object
Transports and Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html
Transportshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#transports
Transports Hierarchyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#transports-hierarchy
Base Transporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-transport
Read-only Transportshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#read-only-transports
Write-only Transportshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#write-only-transports
Datagram Transportshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-transports
Subprocess Transportshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#subprocess-transports
Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocols
Base Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-protocols
Base Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-protocol
Streaming Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#streaming-protocols
Buffered Streaming Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#buffered-streaming-protocols
Datagram Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-protocols
Subprocess Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#subprocess-protocols
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#examples
TCP Echo Serverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-server
TCP Echo Clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-client
UDP Echo Serverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-server
UDP Echo Clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-client
Connecting Existing Socketshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#connecting-existing-sockets
loop.subprocess_exec() and SubprocessProtocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-protocol.html#loop-subprocess-exec-and-subprocessprotocol
Policieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-policy.html
Getting and Setting the Policyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-policy.html#getting-and-setting-the-policy
Policy Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-policy.html#policy-objects
Process Watchershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-policy.html#process-watchers
Custom Policieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-policy.html#custom-policies
Platform Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-platforms.html
All Platformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-platforms.html#all-platforms
Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-platforms.html#windows
Subprocess Support on Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-platforms.html#subprocess-support-on-windows
macOShttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-platforms.html#macos
Extendinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-extending.html
Writing a Custom Event Loophttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-extending.html#writing-a-custom-event-loop
Future and Task private constructorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-extending.html#future-and-task-private-constructors
Task lifetime supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-extending.html#task-lifetime-support
High-level API Indexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-api-index.html
Taskshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-api-index.html#tasks
Queueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-api-index.html#queues
Subprocesseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-api-index.html#subprocesses
Streamshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-api-index.html#streams
Synchronizationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-api-index.html#synchronization
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-api-index.html#exceptions
Low-level API Indexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-llapi-index.html
Obtaining the Event Loophttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#obtaining-the-event-loop
Event Loop Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#event-loop-methods
Transportshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#transports
Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#protocols
Event Loop Policieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#event-loop-policies
Developing with asynciohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-dev.html
Debug Modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-dev.html#debug-mode
Concurrency and Multithreadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-dev.html#concurrency-and-multithreading
Running Blocking Codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-dev.html#running-blocking-code
Logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-dev.html#logging
Detect never-awaited coroutineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-never-awaited-coroutines
Detect never-retrieved exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-never-retrieved-exceptions
socket — Low-level networking interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html
Socket familieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#socket-families
Module contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#module-contents
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#exceptions
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#constants
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#functions
Creating socketshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#creating-sockets
Other functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#other-functions
Socket Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#socket-objects
Notes on socket timeoutshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#notes-on-socket-timeouts
Timeouts and the connect methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-connect-method
Timeouts and the accept methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-accept-method
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socket.html#example
ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html
Functions, Constants, and Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions
Socket creationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#socket-creation
Context creationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#context-creation
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#exceptions
Random generationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#random-generation
Certificate handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#certificate-handling
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#constants
SSL Socketshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#ssl-sockets
SSL Contextshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#ssl-contexts
Certificateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#certificates
Certificate chainshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#certificate-chains
CA certificateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#ca-certificates
Combined key and certificatehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate
Self-signed certificateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#self-signed-certificates
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#examples
Testing for SSL supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support
Client-side operationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#client-side-operation
Server-side operationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#server-side-operation
Notes on non-blocking socketshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets
Memory BIO Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#memory-bio-support
SSL sessionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#ssl-session
Security considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#security-considerations
Best defaultshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#best-defaults
Manual settingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#manual-settings
Verifying certificateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#verifying-certificates
Protocol versionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#protocol-versions
Cipher selectionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#cipher-selection
Multi-processinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#multi-processing
TLS 1.3https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ssl.html#tls-1-3
select — Waiting for I/O completionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/select.html
/dev/poll Polling Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/select.html#dev-poll-polling-objects
Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects
Polling Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/select.html#polling-objects
Kqueue Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/select.html#kqueue-objects
Kevent Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/select.html#kevent-objects
selectors — High-level I/O multiplexinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/selectors.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/selectors.html#introduction
Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/selectors.html#classes
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/selectors.html#examples
signal — Set handlers for asynchronous eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html
General ruleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html#general-rules
Execution of Python signal handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html#execution-of-python-signal-handlers
Signals and threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html#signals-and-threads
Module contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html#module-contents
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html#examples
Note on SIGPIPEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html#note-on-sigpipe
Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/signal.html#note-on-signal-handlers-and-exceptions
mmap — Memory-mapped file supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mmap.html
MADV_* Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mmap.html#madv-constants
MAP_* Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mmap.html#map-constants
Internet Data Handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/netdata.html
email — An email and MIME handling packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.html
email.message: Representing an email messagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.message.html
email.parser: Parsing email messageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.parser.html
FeedParser APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.parser.html#feedparser-api
Parser APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.parser.html#parser-api
Additional noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.parser.html#additional-notes
email.generator: Generating MIME documentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.generator.html
email.policy: Policy Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.policy.html
email.errors: Exception and Defect classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.errors.html
email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.headerregistry.html
email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Contenthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.contentmanager.html
Content Manager Instanceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances
email: Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.examples.html
email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.compat32-message.html
email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratchhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.mime.html
email.header: Internationalized headershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.header.html
email.charset: Representing character setshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.charset.html
email.encoders: Encodershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.encoders.html
email.utils: Miscellaneous utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.utils.html
email.iterators: Iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/email.iterators.html
json — JSON encoder and decoderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html
Basic Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#basic-usage
Encoders and Decodershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#exceptions
Standard Compliance and Interoperabilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#standard-compliance-and-interoperability
Character Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#character-encodings
Infinite and NaN Number Valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#infinite-and-nan-number-values
Repeated Names Within an Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#repeated-names-within-an-object
Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#top-level-non-object-non-array-values
Implementation Limitationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#implementation-limitations
Command Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#module-json.tool
Command line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/json.html#command-line-options
mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html
Mailbox objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#mailbox-objects
Maildirhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#maildir
mboxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#mbox
MHhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#mh
Babylhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#babyl
MMDFhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#mmdf
Message objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#message-objects
MaildirMessagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#maildirmessage
mboxMessagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#mboxmessage
MHMessagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#mhmessage
BabylMessagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#babylmessage
MMDFMessagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#mmdfmessage
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#exceptions
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailbox.html#examples
mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mimetypes.html
MimeTypes Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mimetypes.html#mimetypes-objects
base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/base64.html
Security Considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/base64.html#security-considerations
binascii — Convert between binary and ASCIIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/binascii.html
quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/quopri.html
Structured Markup Processing Toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/markup.html
html — HyperText Markup Language supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/html.html
html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/html.parser.html
Example HTML Parser Applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/html.parser.html#example-html-parser-application
HTMLParser Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/html.parser.html#htmlparser-methods
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/html.parser.html#examples
html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/html.entities.html
XML Processing Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.html
XML vulnerabilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities
The defusedxml Packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.html#the-defusedxml-package
xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html
Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#tutorial
XML tree and elementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml-tree-and-elements
Parsing XMLhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml
Pull API for non-blocking parsinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#pull-api-for-non-blocking-parsing
Finding interesting elementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#finding-interesting-elements
Modifying an XML Filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#modifying-an-xml-file
Building XML documentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#building-xml-documents
Parsing XML with Namespaceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml-with-namespaces
XPath supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xpath-support
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#example
Supported XPath syntaxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#supported-xpath-syntax
Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#reference
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#functions
XInclude supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xinclude-support
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#id3
Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#id4
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementinclude-functions
Element Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#element-objects
ElementTree Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementtree-objects
QName Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#qname-objects
TreeBuilder Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#treebuilder-objects
XMLParser Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlparser-objects
XMLPullParser Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlpullparser-objects
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#exceptions
xml.dom — The Document Object Model APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html
Module Contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#module-contents
Objects in the DOMhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#objects-in-the-dom
DOMImplementation Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#domimplementation-objects
Node Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#node-objects
NodeList Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#nodelist-objects
DocumentType Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#documenttype-objects
Document Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#document-objects
Element Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#element-objects
Attr Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#attr-objects
NamedNodeMap Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#namednodemap-objects
Comment Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#comment-objects
Text and CDATASection Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#text-and-cdatasection-objects
ProcessingInstruction Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#processinginstruction-objects
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#exceptions
Conformancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#conformance
Type Mappinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#type-mapping
Accessor Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.html#accessor-methods
xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.minidom.html
DOM Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-objects
DOM Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-example
minidom and the DOM standardhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.minidom.html#minidom-and-the-dom-standard
xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM treeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.pulldom.html
DOMEventStream Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#domeventstream-objects
xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.html
SAXException Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.html#saxexception-objects
xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.handler.html
ContentHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.handler.html#contenthandler-objects
DTDHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.handler.html#dtdhandler-objects
EntityResolver Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.handler.html#entityresolver-objects
ErrorHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.handler.html#errorhandler-objects
LexicalHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.handler.html#lexicalhandler-objects
xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.utils.html
xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.reader.html
XMLReader Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.reader.html#xmlreader-objects
IncrementalParser Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.reader.html#incrementalparser-objects
Locator Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.reader.html#locator-objects
InputSource Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.reader.html#inputsource-objects
The Attributes Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributes-interface
The AttributesNS Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributesns-interface
xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyexpat.html
XMLParser Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyexpat.html#xmlparser-objects
ExpatError Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyexpat.html#expaterror-exceptions
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyexpat.html#example
Content Model Descriptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.model
Expat error constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors
Internet Protocols and Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/internet.html
webbrowser — Convenient web-browser controllerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/webbrowser.html
Browser Controller Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects
wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html
wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util
wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers
wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP serverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server
wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checkerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate
wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers
wsgiref.types – WSGI types for static type checkinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.types
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wsgiref.html#examples
urllib — URL handling moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.html
urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html
Request Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#request-objects
OpenerDirector Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects
BaseHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects
HTTPRedirectHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects
HTTPCookieProcessor Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects
ProxyHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects
HTTPPasswordMgr Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects
HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects
AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects
HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects
ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects
AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects
HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects
ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects
HTTPHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects
HTTPSHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects
FileHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects
DataHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#datahandler-objects
FTPHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects
CacheFTPHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects
UnknownHandler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects
HTTPErrorProcessor Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#examples
Legacy interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#legacy-interface
urllib.request Restrictionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions
urllib.response — Response classes used by urllibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response
urllib.parse — Parse URLs into componentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.parse.html
URL Parsinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.parse.html#url-parsing
Parsing ASCII Encoded Byteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes
Structured Parse Resultshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results
URL Quotinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.parse.html#url-quoting
urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.requesthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.error.html
urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/urllib.robotparser.html
http — HTTP moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.html
HTTP status codeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.html#http-status-codes
HTTP status categoryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.html#http-status-category
HTTP methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.html#http-methods
http.client — HTTP protocol clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.client.html
HTTPConnection Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.client.html#httpconnection-objects
HTTPResponse Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.client.html#httpresponse-objects
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.client.html#examples
HTTPMessage Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.client.html#httpmessage-objects
ftplib — FTP protocol clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ftplib.html
FTP Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ftplib.html#ftp-objects
FTP_TLS Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects
poplib — POP3 protocol clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/poplib.html
POP3 Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/poplib.html#pop3-objects
POP3 Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/poplib.html#pop3-example
imaplib — IMAP4 protocol clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/imaplib.html
IMAP4 Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/imaplib.html#imap4-objects
IMAP4 Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/imaplib.html#imap4-example
smtplib — SMTP protocol clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/smtplib.html
SMTP Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/smtplib.html#smtp-objects
SMTP Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/smtplib.html#smtp-example
uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/uuid.html
Command-Line Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/uuid.html#command-line-usage
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/uuid.html#example
Command-Line Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/uuid.html#command-line-example
socketserver — A framework for network servershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html
Server Creation Noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html#server-creation-notes
Server Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html#server-objects
Request Handler Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html#request-handler-objects
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html#examples
socketserver.TCPServer Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example
socketserver.UDPServer Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example
Asynchronous Mixinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins
http.server — HTTP servershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.server.html
Security Considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.server.html#security-considerations
http.cookies — HTTP state managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookies.html
Cookie Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookies.html#cookie-objects
Morsel Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookies.html#morsel-objects
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookies.html#example
http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clientshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookiejar.html
CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects
FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers
CookiePolicy Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects
DefaultCookiePolicy Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects
Cookie Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/http.cookiejar.html#examples
xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.html
xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html
ServerProxy Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects
DateTime Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects
Binary Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects
Fault Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects
ProtocolError Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects
MultiCall Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects
Convenience Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions
Example of Client Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage
Example of Client and Server Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage
xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.server.html
SimpleXMLRPCServer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects
SimpleXMLRPCServer Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example
CGIXMLRPCRequestHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.server.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler
Documenting XMLRPC serverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.server.html#documenting-xmlrpc-server
DocXMLRPCServer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.server.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects
DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xmlrpc.server.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler
ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html
Convenience factory functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#convenience-factory-functions
IP Addresseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#ip-addresses
Address objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#address-objects
Conversion to Strings and Integershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#conversion-to-strings-and-integers
Operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#operators
Comparison operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#comparison-operators
Arithmetic operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#arithmetic-operators
IP Network definitionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#ip-network-definitions
Prefix, net mask and host maskhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#prefix-net-mask-and-host-mask
Network objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#network-objects
Operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#id1
Logical operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#logical-operators
Iterationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#iteration
Networks as containers of addresseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#networks-as-containers-of-addresses
Interface objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#interface-objects
Operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#id2
Logical operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#id3
Other Module Level Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#other-module-level-functions
Custom Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ipaddress.html#custom-exceptions
Multimedia Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mm.html
wave — Read and write WAV fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wave.html
Wave_read Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wave.html#wave-read-objects
Wave_write Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/wave.html#wave-write-objects
colorsys — Conversions between color systemshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/colorsys.html
Internationalizationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/i18n.html
gettext — Multilingual internationalization serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html
GNU gettext APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api
Class-based APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#class-based-api
The NullTranslations classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class
The GNUTranslations classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class
Solaris message catalog supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support
The Catalog constructorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor
Internationalizing your programs and moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules
Localizing your modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#localizing-your-module
Localizing your applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#localizing-your-application
Changing languages on the flyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly
Deferred translationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#deferred-translations
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gettext.html#acknowledgements
locale — Internationalization serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/locale.html
Background, details, hints, tips and caveatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats
For extension writers and programs that embed Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python
Access to message catalogshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs
Program Frameworkshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/frameworks.html
turtle — Turtle graphicshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#introduction
Overview of available Turtle and Screen methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#overview-of-available-turtle-and-screen-methods
Turtle methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#turtle-methods
Methods of TurtleScreen/Screenhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen
Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions
Turtle motionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#turtle-motion
Tell Turtle’s statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#tell-turtle-s-state
Settings for measurementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#settings-for-measurement
Pen controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#pen-control
Drawing statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#drawing-state
Color controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#color-control
Fillinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#filling
More drawing controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#more-drawing-control
Turtle statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#turtle-state
Visibilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#visibility
Appearancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#appearance
Using eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#using-events
Special Turtle methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#special-turtle-methods
Compound shapeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#compound-shapes
Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions
Window controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#window-control
Animation controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#animation-control
Using screen eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#using-screen-events
Input methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#input-methods
Settings and special methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#settings-and-special-methods
Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreenhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen
Public classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#public-classes
Help and configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#help-and-configuration
How to use helphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#how-to-use-help
Translation of docstrings into different languageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages
How to configure Screen and Turtleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles
turtledemo — Demo scriptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#module-turtledemo
Changes since Python 2.6https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-2-6
Changes since Python 3.0https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-3-0
cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpretershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmd.html
Cmd Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmd.html#cmd-objects
Cmd Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cmd.html#cmd-example
shlex — Simple lexical analysishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shlex.html
shlex Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shlex.html#shlex-objects
Parsing Ruleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shlex.html#parsing-rules
Improved Compatibility with Shellshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/shlex.html#improved-compatibility-with-shells
Graphical User Interfaces with Tkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tk.html
tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html
Architecturehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#architecture
Tkinter Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#tkinter-modules
Tkinter Life Preserverhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#tkinter-life-preserver
A Hello World Programhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#a-hello-world-program
Important Tk Conceptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#important-tk-concepts
Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#understanding-how-tkinter-wraps-tcl-tk
How do I…? What option does…?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#how-do-i-what-option-does
Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manualhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#navigating-the-tcl-tk-reference-manual
Threading modelhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#threading-model
Handy Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#handy-reference
Setting Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#setting-options
The Packerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#the-packer
Packer Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#packer-options
Coupling Widget Variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#coupling-widget-variables
The Window Managerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#the-window-manager
Tk Option Data Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#tk-option-data-types
Bindings and Eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#bindings-and-events
The index Parameterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#the-index-parameter
Imageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#images
File Handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.html#file-handlers
tkinter.colorchooser — Color choosing dialoghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.colorchooser.html
tkinter.font — Tkinter font wrapperhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.font.html
Tkinter Dialogshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dialog.html
tkinter.simpledialog — Standard Tkinter input dialogshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.simpledialog
tkinter.filedialog — File selection dialogshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.filedialog
Native Load/Save Dialogshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dialog.html#native-load-save-dialogs
tkinter.commondialog — Dialog window templateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.commondialog
tkinter.messagebox — Tkinter message promptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.messagebox.html
tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widgethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.scrolledtext.html
tkinter.dnd — Drag and drop supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.dnd.html
tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html
Using Ttkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#using-ttk
Ttk Widgetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widgets
Widgethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget
Standard Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#standard-options
Scrollable Widget Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#scrollable-widget-options
Label Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#label-options
Compatibility Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#compatibility-options
Widget Stateshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget-states
ttk.Widgethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widget
Comboboxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#combobox
Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#options
Virtual eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#virtual-events
ttk.Comboboxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-combobox
Spinboxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#spinbox
Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id1
Virtual eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id2
ttk.Spinboxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-spinbox
Notebookhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#notebook
Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id3
Tab Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#tab-options
Tab Identifiershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#tab-identifiers
Virtual Eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id4
ttk.Notebookhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-notebook
Progressbarhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#progressbar
Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id5
ttk.Progressbarhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-progressbar
Separatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#separator
Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id6
Sizegriphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#sizegrip
Platform-specific noteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#platform-specific-notes
Bugshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#bugs
Treeviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#treeview
Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id7
Item Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#item-options
Tag Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#tag-options
Column Identifiershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#column-identifiers
Virtual Eventshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#id8
ttk.Treeviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-treeview
Ttk Stylinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-styling
Layoutshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.ttk.html#layouts
tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html
Using Tixhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#using-tix
Tix Widgetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-widgets
Basic Widgetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#basic-widgets
File Selectorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#file-selectors
Hierarchical ListBoxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#hierarchical-listbox
Tabular ListBoxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#tabular-listbox
Manager Widgetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#manager-widgets
Image Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#image-types
Miscellaneous Widgetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#miscellaneous-widgets
Form Geometry Managerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#form-geometry-manager
Tix Commandshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-commands
IDLEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html
Menushttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#menus
File menu (Shell and Editor)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#file-menu-shell-and-editor
Edit menu (Shell and Editor)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#edit-menu-shell-and-editor
Format menu (Editor window only)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#format-menu-editor-window-only
Run menu (Editor window only)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#run-menu-editor-window-only
Shell menu (Shell window only)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#shell-menu-shell-window-only
Debug menu (Shell window only)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#debug-menu-shell-window-only
Options menu (Shell and Editor)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#options-menu-shell-and-editor
Window menu (Shell and Editor)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#window-menu-shell-and-editor
Help menu (Shell and Editor)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#help-menu-shell-and-editor
Context menushttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#context-menus
Editing and Navigationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#editing-and-navigation
Editor windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#editor-windows
Key bindingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#key-bindings
Automatic indentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#automatic-indentation
Search and Replacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#search-and-replace
Completionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#completions
Calltipshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#calltips
Code Contexthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#code-context
Shell windowhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#shell-window
Text colorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#text-colors
Startup and Code Executionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#startup-and-code-execution
Command line usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#command-line-usage
Startup failurehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#startup-failure
Running user codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#running-user-code
User output in Shellhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#user-output-in-shell
Developing tkinter applicationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#developing-tkinter-applications
Running without a subprocesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#running-without-a-subprocess
Help and Preferenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#help-and-preferences
Help sourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#help-sources
Setting preferenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#setting-preferences
IDLE on macOShttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#idle-on-macos
Extensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#extensions
idlelibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/idle.html#module-idlelib
Development Toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/development.html
typing — Support for type hintshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html
Relevant PEPshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#relevant-peps
Type aliaseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#type-aliases
NewTypehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#newtype
Callablehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#callable
Genericshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#generics
User-defined generic typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#user-defined-generic-types
The Any typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#the-any-type
Nominal vs structural subtypinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#nominal-vs-structural-subtyping
Module contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#module-contents
Special typing primitiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#special-typing-primitives
Special typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#special-types
Special formshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#special-forms
Building generic typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#building-generic-types
Other special directiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#other-special-directives
Generic concrete collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#generic-concrete-collections
Corresponding to built-in typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#corresponding-to-built-in-types
Corresponding to types in collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#corresponding-to-types-in-collections
Other concrete typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#other-concrete-types
Abstract Base Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#abstract-base-classes
Corresponding to collections in collections.abchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#corresponding-to-collections-in-collections-abc
Corresponding to other types in collections.abchttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#corresponding-to-other-types-in-collections-abc
Asynchronous programminghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#asynchronous-programming
Context manager typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#context-manager-types
Protocolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#protocols
Functions and decoratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#functions-and-decorators
Introspection helpershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#introspection-helpers
Constanthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#constant
Deprecation Timeline of Major Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/typing.html#deprecation-timeline-of-major-features
pydoc — Documentation generator and online help systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pydoc.html
Python Development Modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/devmode.html
Effects of the Python Development Modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/devmode.html#effects-of-the-python-development-mode
ResourceWarning Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/devmode.html#resourcewarning-example
Bad file descriptor error examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/devmode.html#bad-file-descriptor-error-example
doctest — Test interactive Python exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html
Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings
Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text Filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file
How It Workshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#how-it-works
Which Docstrings Are Examined?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined
How are Docstring Examples Recognized?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized
What’s the Execution Context?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context
What About Exceptions?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#what-about-exceptions
Option Flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#option-flags
Directiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#directives
Warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#warnings
Basic APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#basic-api
Unittest APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#unittest-api
Advanced APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#advanced-api
DocTest Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#doctest-objects
Example Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#example-objects
DocTestFinder objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects
DocTestParser objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#doctestparser-objects
DocTestRunner objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects
OutputChecker objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#outputchecker-objects
Debugginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#debugging
Soapboxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/doctest.html#soapbox
unittest — Unit testing frameworkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html
Basic examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#basic-example
Command-Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#command-line-interface
Command-line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#command-line-options
Test Discoveryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#test-discovery
Organizing test codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#organizing-test-code
Re-using old test codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code
Skipping tests and expected failureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures
Distinguishing test iterations using subtestshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#distinguishing-test-iterations-using-subtests
Classes and functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#classes-and-functions
Test caseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#test-cases
Grouping testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#grouping-tests
Loading and running testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#loading-and-running-tests
load_tests Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#load-tests-protocol
Class and Module Fixtureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#class-and-module-fixtures
setUpClass and tearDownClasshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass
setUpModule and tearDownModulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule
Signal Handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.html#signal-handling
unittest.mock — mock object libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html
Quick Guidehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#quick-guide
The Mock Classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#the-mock-class
Callinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#calling
Deleting Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#deleting-attributes
Mock names and the name attributehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#mock-names-and-the-name-attribute
Attaching Mocks as Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes
The patchershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#the-patchers
patchhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#patch
patch.objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#patch-object
patch.dicthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#patch-dict
patch.multiplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#patch-multiple
patch methods: start and stophttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop
patch builtinshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#patch-builtins
TEST_PREFIXhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#test-prefix
Nesting Patch Decoratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#nesting-patch-decorators
Where to patchhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#where-to-patch
Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects
MagicMock and magic method supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#magicmock-and-magic-method-support
Mocking Magic Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#mocking-magic-methods
Magic Mockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#magic-mock
Helpershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#helpers
sentinelhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#sentinel
DEFAULThttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#default
callhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#call
create_autospechttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#create-autospec
ANYhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#any
FILTER_DIRhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#filter-dir
mock_openhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#mock-open
Autospeccinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#autospeccing
Sealing mockshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock.html#sealing-mocks
unittest.mock — getting startedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html
Using Mockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock
Mock Patching Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods
Mock for Method Calls on an Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object
Mocking Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes
Naming your mockshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks
Tracking all Callshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls
Setting Return Values and Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes
Raising exceptions with mockshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks
Side effect functions and iterableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#side-effect-functions-and-iterables
Mocking asynchronous iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-iterators
Mocking asynchronous context managerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-context-manager
Creating a Mock from an Existing Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object
Patch Decoratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators
Further Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#further-examples
Mocking chained callshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-chained-calls
Partial mockinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#partial-mocking
Mocking a Generator Methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method
Applying the same patch to every test methodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method
Mocking Unbound Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods
Checking multiple calls with mockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock
Coping with mutable argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments
Nesting Patcheshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#nesting-patches
Mocking a dictionary with MagicMockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock
Mock subclasses and their attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes
Mocking imports with patch.dicthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict
Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions
More complex argument matchinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching
2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/2to3.html
Using 2to3https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/2to3.html#using-2to3
Fixershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/2to3.html#fixers
lib2to3 — 2to3’s libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/2to3.html#module-lib2to3
test — Regression tests package for Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html
Writing Unit Tests for the test packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package
Running tests using the command-line interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#running-tests-using-the-command-line-interface
test.support — Utilities for the Python test suitehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support
test.support.socket_helper — Utilities for socket testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support.socket_helper
test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support.script_helper
test.support.bytecode_helper — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support.bytecode_helper
test.support.threading_helper — Utilities for threading testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support.threading_helper
test.support.os_helper — Utilities for os testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support.os_helper
test.support.import_helper — Utilities for import testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support.import_helper
test.support.warnings_helper — Utilities for warnings testshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/test.html#module-test.support.warnings_helper
Debugging and Profilinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/debug.html
Audit events tablehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/audit_events.html
bdb — Debugger frameworkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/bdb.html
faulthandler — Dump the Python tracebackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/faulthandler.html
Dumping the tracebackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback
Fault handler statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/faulthandler.html#fault-handler-state
Dumping the tracebacks after a timeouthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout
Dumping the traceback on a user signalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal
Issue with file descriptorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/faulthandler.html#issue-with-file-descriptors
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/faulthandler.html#example
pdb — The Python Debuggerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pdb.html
Debugger Commandshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pdb.html#debugger-commands
The Python Profilershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html
Introduction to the profilershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#introduction-to-the-profilers
Instant User’s Manualhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#instant-user-s-manual
profile and cProfile Module Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#module-cProfile
The Stats Classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#the-stats-class
What Is Deterministic Profiling?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling
Limitationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#limitations
Calibrationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#calibration
Using a custom timerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/profile.html#using-a-custom-timer
timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/timeit.html
Basic Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/timeit.html#basic-examples
Python Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/timeit.html#python-interface
Command-Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/timeit.html#command-line-interface
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/timeit.html#examples
trace — Trace or track Python statement executionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/trace.html
Command-Line Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/trace.html#command-line-usage
Main optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/trace.html#main-options
Modifiershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/trace.html#modifiers
Filtershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/trace.html#filters
Programmatic Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/trace.html#programmatic-interface
tracemalloc — Trace memory allocationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#examples
Display the top 10https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#display-the-top-10
Compute differenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#compute-differences
Get the traceback of a memory blockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block
Pretty tophttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#pretty-top
Record the current and peak size of all traced memory blockshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#record-the-current-and-peak-size-of-all-traced-memory-blocks
APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#api
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#functions
DomainFilterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#domainfilter
Filterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#filter
Framehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#frame
Snapshothttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#snapshot
Statistichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#statistic
StatisticDiffhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#statisticdiff
Tracehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#trace
Tracebackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tracemalloc.html#traceback
Software Packaging and Distributionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/distribution.html
ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ensurepip.html
Command line interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ensurepip.html#command-line-interface
Module APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ensurepip.html#module-api
venv — Creation of virtual environmentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/venv.html
Creating virtual environmentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments
How venvs workhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/venv.html#how-venvs-work
APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/venv.html#api
An example of extending EnvBuilderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/venv.html#an-example-of-extending-envbuilder
zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html
Basic Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#basic-example
Command-Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#command-line-interface
Python APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#python-api
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#examples
Specifying the Interpreterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#specifying-the-interpreter
Creating Standalone Applications with zipapphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#creating-standalone-applications-with-zipapp
Making a Windows executablehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#making-a-windows-executable
Caveatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#caveats
The Python Zip Application Archive Formathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipapp.html#the-python-zip-application-archive-format
Python Runtime Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/python.html
sys — System-specific parameters and functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sys.html
sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sysconfig.html
Configuration variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sysconfig.html#configuration-variables
Installation pathshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sysconfig.html#installation-paths
Other functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sysconfig.html#other-functions
Using sysconfig as a scripthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sysconfig.html#using-sysconfig-as-a-script
builtins — Built-in objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/builtins.html
__main__ — Top-level code environmenthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html
__name__ == '__main__'https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html#name-main
What is the “top-level code environment”?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html#what-is-the-top-level-code-environment
Idiomatic Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html#idiomatic-usage
Packaging Considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html#packaging-considerations
__main__.py in Python Packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html#main-py-in-python-packages
Idiomatic Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html#id1
import __main__https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__main__.html#import-main
warnings — Warning controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html
Warning Categorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#warning-categories
The Warnings Filterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#the-warnings-filter
Describing Warning Filtershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#describing-warning-filters
Default Warning Filterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#default-warning-filter
Overriding the default filterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#overriding-the-default-filter
Temporarily Suppressing Warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#temporarily-suppressing-warnings
Testing Warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#testing-warnings
Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#updating-code-for-new-versions-of-dependencies
Available Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#available-functions
Available Context Managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/warnings.html#available-context-managers
dataclasses — Data Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html
Module contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#module-contents
Post-init processinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#post-init-processing
Class variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#class-variables
Init-only variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#init-only-variables
Frozen instanceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#frozen-instances
Inheritancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#inheritance
Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in __init__()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#re-ordering-of-keyword-only-parameters-in-init
Default factory functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#default-factory-functions
Mutable default valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#mutable-default-values
Descriptor-typed fieldshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dataclasses.html#descriptor-typed-fields
contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contextshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html
Utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#utilities
Examples and Recipeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#examples-and-recipes
Supporting a variable number of context managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#supporting-a-variable-number-of-context-managers
Catching exceptions from __enter__ methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#catching-exceptions-from-enter-methods
Cleaning up in an __enter__ implementationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#cleaning-up-in-an-enter-implementation
Replacing any use of try-finally and flag variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#replacing-any-use-of-try-finally-and-flag-variables
Using a context manager as a function decoratorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#using-a-context-manager-as-a-function-decorator
Single use, reusable and reentrant context managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#single-use-reusable-and-reentrant-context-managers
Reentrant context managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#reentrant-context-managers
Reusable context managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/contextlib.html#reusable-context-managers
abc — Abstract Base Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/abc.html
atexit — Exit handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/atexit.html
atexit Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/atexit.html#atexit-example
traceback — Print or retrieve a stack tracebackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/traceback.html
TracebackException Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/traceback.html#tracebackexception-objects
StackSummary Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/traceback.html#stacksummary-objects
FrameSummary Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/traceback.html#framesummary-objects
Traceback Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/traceback.html#traceback-examples
__future__ — Future statement definitionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/__future__.html
gc — Garbage Collector interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/gc.html
inspect — Inspect live objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html
Types and membershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#types-and-members
Retrieving source codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#retrieving-source-code
Introspecting callables with the Signature objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#introspecting-callables-with-the-signature-object
Classes and functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#classes-and-functions
The interpreter stackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack
Fetching attributes staticallyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#fetching-attributes-statically
Current State of Generators and Coroutineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#current-state-of-generators-and-coroutines
Code Objects Bit Flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#code-objects-bit-flags
Command Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/inspect.html#command-line-interface
site — Site-specific configuration hookhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/site.html
Readline configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/site.html#readline-configuration
Module contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/site.html#module-contents
Command Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/site.html#command-line-interface
Custom Python Interpretershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/custominterp.html
code — Interpreter base classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/code.html
Interactive Interpreter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/code.html#interactive-interpreter-objects
Interactive Console Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/code.html#interactive-console-objects
codeop — Compile Python codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/codeop.html
Importing Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/modules.html
zipimport — Import modules from Zip archiveshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipimport.html
zipimporter Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipimport.html#zipimporter-objects
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/zipimport.html#examples
pkgutil — Package extension utilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pkgutil.html
modulefinder — Find modules used by a scripthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/modulefinder.html
Example usage of ModuleFinderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/modulefinder.html#example-usage-of-modulefinder
runpy — Locating and executing Python moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/runpy.html
importlib — The implementation of importhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#introduction
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#functions
importlib.abc – Abstract base classes related to importhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#module-importlib.abc
importlib.machinery – Importers and path hookshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery
importlib.util – Utility code for importershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#module-importlib.util
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#examples
Importing programmaticallyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#importing-programmatically
Checking if a module can be importedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported
Importing a source file directlyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#importing-a-source-file-directly
Implementing lazy importshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#implementing-lazy-imports
Setting up an importerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#setting-up-an-importer
Approximating importlib.import_module()https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.html#approximating-importlib-import-module
importlib.resources – Resourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.resources.html
Deprecated functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.resources.html#deprecated-functions
importlib.resources.abc – Abstract base classes for resourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.resources.abc.html
Using importlib.metadatahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html
Overviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#overview
Functional APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#functional-api
Entry pointshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#entry-points
Distribution metadatahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-metadata
Distribution versionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-versions
Distribution fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-files
Distribution requirementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-requirements
Mapping import to distribution packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#mapping-import-to-distribution-packages
Distributionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#distributions
Distribution Discoveryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-discovery
Extending the search algorithmhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/importlib.metadata.html#extending-the-search-algorithm
The initialization of the sys.path module search pathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sys_path_init.html
Virtual environmentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sys_path_init.html#virtual-environments
_pth fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sys_path_init.html#pth-files
Embedded Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sys_path_init.html#embedded-python
Python Language Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/language.html
ast — Abstract Syntax Treeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html
Abstract Grammarhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#abstract-grammar
Node classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#node-classes
Literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#literals
Variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#variables
Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#expressions
Subscriptinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#subscripting
Comprehensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#comprehensions
Statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#statements
Importshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#imports
Control flowhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#control-flow
Pattern matchinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#pattern-matching
Function and class definitionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#function-and-class-definitions
Async and awaithttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#async-and-await
ast Helpershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#ast-helpers
Compiler Flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#compiler-flags
Command-Line Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ast.html#command-line-usage
symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/symtable.html
Generating Symbol Tableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/symtable.html#generating-symbol-tables
Examining Symbol Tableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/symtable.html#examining-symbol-tables
token — Constants used with Python parse treeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/token.html
keyword — Testing for Python keywordshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/keyword.html
tokenize — Tokenizer for Python sourcehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tokenize.html
Tokenizing Inputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tokenize.html#tokenizing-input
Command-Line Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tokenize.html#command-line-usage
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tokenize.html#examples
tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tabnanny.html
pyclbr — Python module browser supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyclbr.html
Function Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyclbr.html#function-objects
Class Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pyclbr.html#class-objects
py_compile — Compile Python source fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/py_compile.html
Command-Line Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/py_compile.html#command-line-interface
compileall — Byte-compile Python librarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/compileall.html
Command-line usehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/compileall.html#command-line-use
Public functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/compileall.html#public-functions
dis — Disassembler for Python bytecodehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dis.html
Bytecode analysishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dis.html#bytecode-analysis
Analysis functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dis.html#analysis-functions
Python Bytecode Instructionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions
Opcode collectionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/dis.html#opcode-collections
pickletools — Tools for pickle developershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickletools.html
Command line usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickletools.html#command-line-usage
Command line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickletools.html#command-line-options
Programmatic Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pickletools.html#programmatic-interface
MS Windows Specific Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/windows.html
msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtimehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msvcrt.html
File Operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msvcrt.html#file-operations
Console I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msvcrt.html#console-i-o
Other Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msvcrt.html#other-functions
winreg — Windows registry accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html#functions
Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html#constants
HKEY_* Constantshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html#hkey-constants
Access Rightshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html#access-rights
64-bit Specifichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html#bit-specific
Value Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html#value-types
Registry Handle Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winreg.html#registry-handle-objects
winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/winsound.html
Unix Specific Serviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/unix.html
posix — The most common POSIX system callshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/posix.html
Large File Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/posix.html#large-file-support
Notable Module Contentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/posix.html#notable-module-contents
pwd — The password databasehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pwd.html
grp — The group databasehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/grp.html
termios — POSIX style tty controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/termios.html
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/termios.html#example
tty — Terminal control functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/tty.html
pty — Pseudo-terminal utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pty.html
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pty.html#example
fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system callshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/fcntl.html
resource — Resource usage informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/resource.html
Resource Limitshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/resource.html#resource-limits
Resource Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/resource.html#resource-usage
syslog — Unix syslog library routineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/syslog.html
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/syslog.html#examples
Simple examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/syslog.html#simple-example
Superseded Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/superseded.html
aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/aifc.html
audioop — Manipulate raw audio datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/audioop.html
cgi — Common Gateway Interface supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#introduction
Using the cgi modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module
Higher Level Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#higher-level-interface
Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#functions
Caring about securityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#caring-about-security
Installing your CGI script on a Unix systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system
Testing your CGI scripthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script
Debugging CGI scriptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts
Common problems and solutionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions
cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scriptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/cgitb.html
chunk — Read IFF chunked datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/chunk.html
crypt — Function to check Unix passwordshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/crypt.html
Hashing Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/crypt.html#hashing-methods
Module Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/crypt.html#module-attributes
Module Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/crypt.html#module-functions
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/crypt.html#examples
imghdr — Determine the type of an imagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/imghdr.html
imp — Access the import internalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/imp.html
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/imp.html#examples
mailcap — Mailcap file handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/mailcap.html
msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html
Database Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#database-objects
View Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#view-objects
Summary Information Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#summary-information-objects
Record Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#record-objects
Errorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#errors
CAB Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#cab-objects
Directory Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#directory-objects
Featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#features
GUI classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#gui-classes
Precomputed tableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/msilib.html#precomputed-tables
nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/nis.html
nntplib — NNTP protocol clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/nntplib.html
NNTP Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/nntplib.html#nntp-objects
Attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/nntplib.html#attributes
Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/nntplib.html#methods
Utility functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/nntplib.html#utility-functions
optparse — Parser for command line optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html
Backgroundhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#background
Terminologyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#terminology
What are options for?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#what-are-options-for
What are positional arguments for?https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for
Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#tutorial
Understanding option actionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#understanding-option-actions
The store actionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#the-store-action
Handling boolean (flag) optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options
Other actionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#other-actions
Default valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#default-values
Generating helphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#generating-help
Grouping Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#grouping-options
Printing a version stringhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#printing-a-version-string
How optparse handles errorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors
Putting it all togetherhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#putting-it-all-together
Reference Guidehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#reference-guide
Creating the parserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#creating-the-parser
Populating the parserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#populating-the-parser
Defining optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#defining-options
Option attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#option-attributes
Standard option actionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#standard-option-actions
Standard option typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#standard-option-types
Parsing argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#parsing-arguments
Querying and manipulating your option parserhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser
Conflicts between optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#conflicts-between-options
Cleanuphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#cleanup
Other methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#other-methods
Option Callbackshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#option-callbacks
Defining a callback optionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option
How callbacks are calledhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called
Raising errors in a callbackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback
Callback example 1: trivial callbackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback
Callback example 2: check option orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order
Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized
Callback example 4: check arbitrary conditionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition
Callback example 5: fixed argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments
Callback example 6: variable argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments
Extending optparsehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#extending-optparse
Adding new typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#adding-new-types
Adding new actionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/optparse.html#adding-new-actions
ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio deviceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ossaudiodev.html
Audio Device Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ossaudiodev.html#audio-device-objects
Mixer Device Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ossaudiodev.html#mixer-device-objects
pipes — Interface to shell pipelineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pipes.html
Template Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/pipes.html#template-objects
sndhdr — Determine type of sound filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sndhdr.html
spwd — The shadow password databasehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/spwd.html
sunau — Read and write Sun AU fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sunau.html
AU_read Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sunau.html#au-read-objects
AU_write Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/sunau.html#au-write-objects
telnetlib — Telnet clienthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/telnetlib.html
Telnet Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/telnetlib.html#telnet-objects
Telnet Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/telnetlib.html#telnet-example
uu — Encode and decode uuencode fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/uu.html
xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xdrlib.html
Packer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xdrlib.html#packer-objects
Unpacker Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xdrlib.html#unpacker-objects
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/xdrlib.html#exceptions
Security Considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/security_warnings.html
The Python Language Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/index.html
1. Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/introduction.html
1.1. Alternate Implementationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/introduction.html#alternate-implementations
1.2. Notationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/introduction.html#notation
2. Lexical analysishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html
2.1. Line structurehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#line-structure
2.1.1. Logical lineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#logical-lines
2.1.2. Physical lineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#physical-lines
2.1.3. Commentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#comments
2.1.4. Encoding declarationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#encoding-declarations
2.1.5. Explicit line joininghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#explicit-line-joining
2.1.6. Implicit line joininghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#implicit-line-joining
2.1.7. Blank lineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#blank-lines
2.1.8. Indentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#indentation
2.1.9. Whitespace between tokenshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#whitespace-between-tokens
2.2. Other tokenshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#other-tokens
2.3. Identifiers and keywordshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers
2.3.1. Keywordshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords
2.3.2. Soft Keywordshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#soft-keywords
2.3.3. Reserved classes of identifiershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers
2.4. Literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#literals
2.4.1. String and Bytes literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-and-bytes-literals
2.4.2. String literal concatenationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation
2.4.3. Formatted string literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#formatted-string-literals
2.4.4. Numeric literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#numeric-literals
2.4.5. Integer literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#integer-literals
2.4.6. Floating point literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#floating-point-literals
2.4.7. Imaginary literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#imaginary-literals
2.5. Operatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators
2.6. Delimitershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters
3. Data modelhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html
3.1. Objects, values and typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#objects-values-and-types
3.2. The standard type hierarchyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy
3.3. Special method nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names
3.3.1. Basic customizationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#basic-customization
3.3.2. Customizing attribute accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#customizing-attribute-access
3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute accesshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#customizing-module-attribute-access
3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#implementing-descriptors
3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#invoking-descriptors
3.3.2.4. __slots__https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#slots
3.3.2.4.1. Notes on using __slots__https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#notes-on-using-slots
3.3.3. Customizing class creationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#customizing-class-creation
3.3.3.1. Metaclasseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#metaclasses
3.3.3.2. Resolving MRO entrieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#resolving-mro-entries
3.3.3.3. Determining the appropriate metaclasshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#determining-the-appropriate-metaclass
3.3.3.4. Preparing the class namespacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#preparing-the-class-namespace
3.3.3.5. Executing the class bodyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#executing-the-class-body
3.3.3.6. Creating the class objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#creating-the-class-object
3.3.3.7. Uses for metaclasseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#uses-for-metaclasses
3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checkshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#customizing-instance-and-subclass-checks
3.3.5. Emulating generic typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#emulating-generic-types
3.3.5.1. The purpose of __class_getitem__https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#the-purpose-of-class-getitem
3.3.5.2. __class_getitem__ versus __getitem__https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#class-getitem-versus-getitem
3.3.6. Emulating callable objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#emulating-callable-objects
3.3.7. Emulating container typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types
3.3.8. Emulating numeric typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#emulating-numeric-types
3.3.9. With Statement Context Managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#with-statement-context-managers
3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matchinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#customizing-positional-arguments-in-class-pattern-matching
3.3.11. Special method lookuphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup
3.4. Coroutineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#coroutines
3.4.1. Awaitable Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#awaitable-objects
3.4.2. Coroutine Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#coroutine-objects
3.4.3. Asynchronous Iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-iterators
3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-context-managers
4. Execution modelhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html
4.1. Structure of a programhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html#structure-of-a-program
4.2. Naming and bindinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html#naming-and-binding
4.2.1. Binding of nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html#binding-of-names
4.2.2. Resolution of nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html#resolution-of-names
4.2.3. Builtins and restricted executionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html#builtins-and-restricted-execution
4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic featureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html#interaction-with-dynamic-features
4.3. Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/executionmodel.html#exceptions
5. The import systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html
5.1. importlibhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#importlib
5.2. Packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#packages
5.2.1. Regular packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#regular-packages
5.2.2. Namespace packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#namespace-packages
5.3. Searchinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#searching
5.3.1. The module cachehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#the-module-cache
5.3.2. Finders and loadershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#finders-and-loaders
5.3.3. Import hookshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#import-hooks
5.3.4. The meta pathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#the-meta-path
5.4. Loadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#loading
5.4.1. Loadershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#loaders
5.4.2. Submoduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#submodules
5.4.3. Module spechttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#module-spec
5.4.4. Import-related module attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#import-related-module-attributes
5.4.5. module.__path__https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#module-path
5.4.6. Module reprshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#module-reprs
5.4.7. Cached bytecode invalidationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#cached-bytecode-invalidation
5.5. The Path Based Finderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#the-path-based-finder
5.5.1. Path entry findershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#path-entry-finders
5.5.2. Path entry finder protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#path-entry-finder-protocol
5.6. Replacing the standard import systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#replacing-the-standard-import-system
5.7. Package Relative Importshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#package-relative-imports
5.8. Special considerations for __main__https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#special-considerations-for-main
5.8.1. __main__.__spec__https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#main-spec
5.9. Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/import.html#references
6. Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html
6.1. Arithmetic conversionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#arithmetic-conversions
6.2. Atomshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#atoms
6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)https://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers
6.2.2. Literalshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#literals
6.2.3. Parenthesized formshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#parenthesized-forms
6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#displays-for-lists-sets-and-dictionaries
6.2.5. List displayshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#list-displays
6.2.6. Set displayshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#set-displays
6.2.7. Dictionary displayshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#dictionary-displays
6.2.8. Generator expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#generator-expressions
6.2.9. Yield expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#yield-expressions
6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#generator-iterator-methods
6.2.9.2. Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#examples
6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#asynchronous-generator-functions
6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#asynchronous-generator-iterator-methods
6.3. Primarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#primaries
6.3.1. Attribute referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#attribute-references
6.3.2. Subscriptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#subscriptions
6.3.3. Slicingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#slicings
6.3.4. Callshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#calls
6.4. Await expressionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#await-expression
6.5. The power operatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#the-power-operator
6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations
6.7. Binary arithmetic operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#binary-arithmetic-operations
6.8. Shifting operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#shifting-operations
6.9. Binary bitwise operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
6.10. Comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#comparisons
6.10.1. Value comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#value-comparisons
6.10.2. Membership test operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#membership-test-operations
6.10.3. Identity comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#is-not
6.11. Boolean operationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#boolean-operations
6.12. Assignment expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#assignment-expressions
6.13. Conditional expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#conditional-expressions
6.14. Lambdashttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#lambda
6.15. Expression listshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#expression-lists
6.16. Evaluation orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order
6.17. Operator precedencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence
7. Simple statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html
7.1. Expression statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#expression-statements
7.2. Assignment statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements
7.2.1. Augmented assignment statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#augmented-assignment-statements
7.2.2. Annotated assignment statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#annotated-assignment-statements
7.3. The assert statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-assert-statement
7.4. The pass statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-pass-statement
7.5. The del statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-del-statement
7.6. The return statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement
7.7. The yield statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement
7.8. The raise statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement
7.9. The break statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-break-statement
7.10. The continue statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-continue-statement
7.11. The import statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement
7.11.1. Future statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#future-statements
7.12. The global statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement
7.13. The nonlocal statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-nonlocal-statement
8. Compound statementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html
8.1. The if statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement
8.2. The while statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement
8.3. The for statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-for-statement
8.4. The try statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement
8.4.1. except clausehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#except-clause
8.4.2. except* clausehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#except-star
8.4.3. else clausehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#else-clause
8.4.4. finally clausehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#finally-clause
8.5. The with statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement
8.6. The match statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-match-statement
8.6.1. Overviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#overview
8.6.2. Guardshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#guards
8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blockshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#irrefutable-case-blocks
8.6.4. Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#patterns
8.6.4.1. OR Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#or-patterns
8.6.4.2. AS Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#as-patterns
8.6.4.3. Literal Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#literal-patterns
8.6.4.4. Capture Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#capture-patterns
8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#wildcard-patterns
8.6.4.6. Value Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#value-patterns
8.6.4.7. Group Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#group-patterns
8.6.4.8. Sequence Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#sequence-patterns
8.6.4.9. Mapping Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#mapping-patterns
8.6.4.10. Class Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#class-patterns
8.7. Function definitionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions
8.8. Class definitionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#class-definitions
8.9. Coroutineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutines
8.9.1. Coroutine function definitionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutine-function-definition
8.9.2. The async for statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-for-statement
8.9.3. The async with statementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-with-statement
9. Top-level componentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/toplevel_components.html
9.1. Complete Python programshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/toplevel_components.html#complete-python-programs
9.2. File inputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/toplevel_components.html#file-input
9.3. Interactive inputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/toplevel_components.html#interactive-input
9.4. Expression inputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/toplevel_components.html#expression-input
10. Full Grammar specificationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/reference/grammar.html
Python Setup and Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/index.html
1. Command line and environmenthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html
1.1. Command linehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html#command-line
1.1.1. Interface optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html#interface-options
1.1.2. Generic optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html#generic-options
1.1.3. Miscellaneous optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html#miscellaneous-options
1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t usehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html#options-you-shouldn-t-use
1.2. Environment variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html#environment-variables
1.2.1. Debug-mode variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/cmdline.html#debug-mode-variables
2. Using Python on Unix platformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html
2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python
2.1.1. On Linuxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#on-linux
2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSDhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#on-freebsd-and-openbsd
2.1.3. On OpenSolarishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#on-opensolaris
2.2. Building Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#building-python
2.3. Python-related paths and fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#python-related-paths-and-files
2.4. Miscellaneoushttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#miscellaneous
2.5. Custom OpenSSLhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/unix.html#custom-openssl
3. Configure Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html
3.1. Build Requirementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#build-requirements
3.2. Configure Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#configure-options
3.2.1. General Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#general-options
3.2.2. WebAssembly Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#webassembly-options
3.2.3. Install Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#install-options
3.2.4. Performance optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#performance-options
3.2.5. Python Debug Buildhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#python-debug-build
3.2.6. Debug optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#debug-options
3.2.7. Linker optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#linker-options
3.2.8. Libraries optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#libraries-options
3.2.9. Security Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#security-options
3.2.10. macOS Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#macos-options
3.2.11. Cross Compiling Optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#cross-compiling-options
3.3. Python Build Systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#python-build-system
3.3.1. Main files of the build systemhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#main-files-of-the-build-system
3.3.2. Main build stepshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#main-build-steps
3.3.3. Main Makefile targetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#main-makefile-targets
3.3.4. C extensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#c-extensions
3.4. Compiler and linker flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#compiler-and-linker-flags
3.4.1. Preprocessor flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#preprocessor-flags
3.4.2. Compiler flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#compiler-flags
3.4.3. Linker flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/configure.html#linker-flags
4. Using Python on Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html
4.1. The full installerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#the-full-installer
4.1.1. Installation stepshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#installation-steps
4.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#removing-the-max-path-limitation
4.1.3. Installing Without UIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#installing-without-ui
4.1.4. Installing Without Downloadinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#installing-without-downloading
4.1.5. Modifying an installhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#modifying-an-install
4.2. The Microsoft Store packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#the-microsoft-store-package
4.2.1. Known issueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#known-issues
4.2.1.1. Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary pathshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#redirection-of-local-data-registry-and-temporary-paths
4.3. The nuget.org packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#the-nuget-org-packages
4.4. The embeddable packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#the-embeddable-package
4.4.1. Python Applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#python-application
4.4.2. Embedding Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#embedding-python
4.5. Alternative bundleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#alternative-bundles
4.6. Configuring Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#configuring-python
4.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#excursus-setting-environment-variables
4.6.2. Finding the Python executablehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#finding-the-python-executable
4.7. UTF-8 modehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#utf-8-mode
4.8. Python Launcher for Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#python-launcher-for-windows
4.8.1. Getting startedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#getting-started
4.8.1.1. From the command-linehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#from-the-command-line
4.8.1.2. Virtual environmentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#virtual-environments
4.8.1.3. From a scripthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#from-a-script
4.8.1.4. From file associationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#from-file-associations
4.8.2. Shebang Lineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#shebang-lines
4.8.3. Arguments in shebang lineshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#arguments-in-shebang-lines
4.8.4. Customizationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#customization
4.8.4.1. Customization via INI fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#customization-via-ini-files
4.8.4.2. Customizing default Python versionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#customizing-default-python-versions
4.8.5. Diagnosticshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#diagnostics
4.8.6. Dry Runhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#dry-run
4.8.7. Install on demandhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#install-on-demand
4.8.8. Return codeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#return-codes
4.9. Finding moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#finding-modules
4.10. Additional moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#additional-modules
4.10.1. PyWin32https://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#pywin32
4.10.2. cx_Freezehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#cx-freeze
4.11. Compiling Python on Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#compiling-python-on-windows
4.12. Other Platformshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/windows.html#other-platforms
5. Using Python on a Machttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html
5.1. Getting and Installing MacPythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#getting-and-installing-macpython
5.1.1. How to run a Python scripthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#how-to-run-a-python-script
5.1.2. Running scripts with a GUIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#running-scripts-with-a-gui
5.1.3. Configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#configuration
5.2. The IDEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#the-ide
5.3. Installing Additional Python Packageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#installing-additional-python-packages
5.4. GUI Programming on the Machttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#gui-programming-on-the-mac
5.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Machttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac
5.6. Other Resourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/mac.html#other-resources
6. Editors and IDEshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/using/editors.html
Python HOWTOshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/index.html
Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html
The Short Explanationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#the-short-explanation
Detailshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#details
Drop support for Python 2.6 and olderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#drop-support-for-python-2-6-and-older
Make sure you specify the proper version support in your setup.py filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#make-sure-you-specify-the-proper-version-support-in-your-setup-py-file
Have good test coveragehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#have-good-test-coverage
Learn the differences between Python 2 & 3https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#learn-the-differences-between-python-2-3
Update your codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#update-your-code
Divisionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#division
Text versus binary datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#text-versus-binary-data
Use feature detection instead of version detectionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#use-feature-detection-instead-of-version-detection
Prevent compatibility regressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#prevent-compatibility-regressions
Check which dependencies block your transitionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#check-which-dependencies-block-your-transition
Update your setup.py file to denote Python 3 compatibilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#update-your-setup-py-file-to-denote-python-3-compatibility
Use continuous integration to stay compatiblehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#use-continuous-integration-to-stay-compatible
Consider using optional static type checkinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/pyporting.html#consider-using-optional-static-type-checking
Porting Extension Modules to Python 3https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/cporting.html
Curses Programming with Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html
What is curses?https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#what-is-curses
The Python curses modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#the-python-curses-module
Starting and ending a curses applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#starting-and-ending-a-curses-application
Windows and Padshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#windows-and-pads
Displaying Texthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#displaying-text
Attributes and Colorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#attributes-and-color
User Inputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#user-input
For More Informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/curses.html#for-more-information
Descriptor HowTo Guidehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html
Primerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#primer
Simple example: A descriptor that returns a constanthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#simple-example-a-descriptor-that-returns-a-constant
Dynamic lookupshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#dynamic-lookups
Managed attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#managed-attributes
Customized nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#customized-names
Closing thoughtshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#closing-thoughts
Complete Practical Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#complete-practical-example
Validator classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#validator-class
Custom validatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#custom-validators
Practical applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#practical-application
Technical Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#technical-tutorial
Abstracthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#abstract
Definition and introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#definition-and-introduction
Descriptor protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#descriptor-protocol
Overview of descriptor invocationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#overview-of-descriptor-invocation
Invocation from an instancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#invocation-from-an-instance
Invocation from a classhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#invocation-from-a-class
Invocation from superhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#invocation-from-super
Summary of invocation logichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#summary-of-invocation-logic
Automatic name notificationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#automatic-name-notification
ORM examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#orm-example
Pure Python Equivalentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#pure-python-equivalents
Propertieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#properties
Functions and methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#functions-and-methods
Kinds of methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#kinds-of-methods
Static methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#static-methods
Class methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#class-methods
Member objects and __slots__https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/descriptor.html#member-objects-and-slots
Enum HOWTOhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html
Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#programmatic-access-to-enumeration-members-and-their-attributes
Duplicating enum members and valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#duplicating-enum-members-and-values
Ensuring unique enumeration valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#ensuring-unique-enumeration-values
Using automatic valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#using-automatic-values
Iterationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#iteration
Comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#comparisons
Allowed members and attributes of enumerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#allowed-members-and-attributes-of-enumerations
Restricted Enum subclassinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#restricted-enum-subclassing
Dataclass supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#dataclass-support
Picklinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#pickling
Functional APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#functional-api
Derived Enumerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#derived-enumerations
IntEnumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#intenum
StrEnumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#strenum
IntFlaghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#intflag
Flaghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#flag
Othershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#others
When to use __new__() vs. __init__()https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#when-to-use-new-vs-init
Finer Pointshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#finer-points
Supported __dunder__ nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#supported-dunder-names
Supported _sunder_ nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#supported-sunder-names
_Private__nameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#private-names
Enum member typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#enum-member-type
Creating members that are mixed with other data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#creating-members-that-are-mixed-with-other-data-types
Boolean value of Enum classes and membershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#boolean-value-of-enum-classes-and-members
Enum classes with methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#enum-classes-with-methods
Combining members of Flaghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#combining-members-of-flag
Flag and IntFlag minutiahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#flag-and-intflag-minutia
How are Enums and Flags different?https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#how-are-enums-and-flags-different
Enum Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#enum-classes
Flag Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#flag-classes
Enum Members (aka instances)https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#enum-members-aka-instances
Flag Membershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#flag-members
Enum Cookbookhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#enum-cookbook
Omitting valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#omitting-values
Using autohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#using-auto
Using objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#using-object
Using a descriptive stringhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#using-a-descriptive-string
Using a custom __new__()https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#using-a-custom-new
OrderedEnumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#orderedenum
DuplicateFreeEnumhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#duplicatefreeenum
Planethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#planet
TimePeriodhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#timeperiod
Subclassing EnumTypehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/enum.html#subclassing-enumtype
Functional Programming HOWTOhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#introduction
Formal provabilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#formal-provability
Modularityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#modularity
Ease of debugging and testinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#ease-of-debugging-and-testing
Composabilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#composability
Iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#iterators
Data Types That Support Iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#data-types-that-support-iterators
Generator expressions and list comprehensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#generator-expressions-and-list-comprehensions
Generatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#generators
Passing values into a generatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#passing-values-into-a-generator
Built-in functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#built-in-functions
The itertools modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#the-itertools-module
Creating new iteratorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#creating-new-iterators
Calling functions on elementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#calling-functions-on-elements
Selecting elementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#selecting-elements
Combinatoric functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#combinatoric-functions
Grouping elementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#grouping-elements
The functools modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#the-functools-module
The operator modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#the-operator-module
Small functions and the lambda expressionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#small-functions-and-the-lambda-expression
Revision History and Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#revision-history-and-acknowledgements
Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#references
Generalhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#general
Python-specifichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#python-specific
Python documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/functional.html#python-documentation
Logging HOWTOhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html
Basic Logging Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#basic-logging-tutorial
When to use logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#when-to-use-logging
A simple examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#a-simple-example
Logging to a filehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#logging-to-a-file
Logging from multiple moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#logging-from-multiple-modules
Logging variable datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#logging-variable-data
Changing the format of displayed messageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#changing-the-format-of-displayed-messages
Displaying the date/time in messageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#displaying-the-date-time-in-messages
Next Stepshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#next-steps
Advanced Logging Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#advanced-logging-tutorial
Logging Flowhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#logging-flow
Loggershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#loggers
Handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#handlers
Formattershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#formatters
Configuring Logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#configuring-logging
What happens if no configuration is providedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#what-happens-if-no-configuration-is-provided
Configuring Logging for a Libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#configuring-logging-for-a-library
Logging Levelshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#logging-levels
Custom Levelshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#custom-levels
Useful Handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#useful-handlers
Exceptions raised during logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#exceptions-raised-during-logging
Using arbitrary objects as messageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#using-arbitrary-objects-as-messages
Optimizationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#optimization
Other resourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging.html#other-resources
Logging Cookbookhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html
Using logging in multiple moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-logging-in-multiple-modules
Logging from multiple threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-from-multiple-threads
Multiple handlers and formattershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#multiple-handlers-and-formatters
Logging to multiple destinationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-multiple-destinations
Custom handling of levelshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#custom-handling-of-levels
Configuration server examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#configuration-server-example
Dealing with handlers that blockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#dealing-with-handlers-that-block
Sending and receiving logging events across a networkhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#sending-and-receiving-logging-events-across-a-network
Running a logging socket listener in productionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#running-a-logging-socket-listener-in-production
Adding contextual information to your logging outputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#adding-contextual-information-to-your-logging-output
Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-loggeradapters-to-impart-contextual-information
Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-objects-other-than-dicts-to-pass-contextual-information
Using Filters to impart contextual informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-filters-to-impart-contextual-information
Use of contextvarshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#use-of-contextvars
Imparting contextual information in handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#imparting-contextual-information-in-handlers
Logging to a single file from multiple processeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-a-single-file-from-multiple-processes
Using concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-concurrent-futures-processpoolexecutor
Deploying Web applications using Gunicorn and uWSGIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#deploying-web-applications-using-gunicorn-and-uwsgi
Using file rotationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-file-rotation
Use of alternative formatting styleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#use-of-alternative-formatting-styles
Customizing LogRecordhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#customizing-logrecord
Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuehandler-a-zeromq-example
Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuelistener-a-zeromq-example
An example dictionary-based configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#an-example-dictionary-based-configuration
Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-a-rotator-and-namer-to-customize-log-rotation-processing
A more elaborate multiprocessing examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-more-elaborate-multiprocessing-example
Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#inserting-a-bom-into-messages-sent-to-a-sysloghandler
Implementing structured logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#implementing-structured-logging
Customizing handlers with dictConfig()https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#customizing-handlers-with-dictconfig
Using particular formatting styles throughout your applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-particular-formatting-styles-throughout-your-application
Using LogRecord factorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-logrecord-factories
Using custom message objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-custom-message-objects
Configuring filters with dictConfig()https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#configuring-filters-with-dictconfig
Customized exception formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#customized-exception-formatting
Speaking logging messageshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#speaking-logging-messages
Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionallyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#buffering-logging-messages-and-outputting-them-conditionally
Sending logging messages to email, with bufferinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#sending-logging-messages-to-email-with-buffering
Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#formatting-times-using-utc-gmt-via-configuration
Using a context manager for selective logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-a-context-manager-for-selective-logging
A CLI application starter templatehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-cli-application-starter-template
A Qt GUI for logginghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-qt-gui-for-logging
Logging to syslog with RFC5424 supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-syslog-with-rfc5424-support
How to treat a logger like an output streamhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#how-to-treat-a-logger-like-an-output-stream
Patterns to avoidhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#patterns-to-avoid
Opening the same log file multiple timeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#opening-the-same-log-file-multiple-times
Using loggers as attributes in a class or passing them as parametershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-loggers-as-attributes-in-a-class-or-passing-them-as-parameters
Adding handlers other than NullHandler to a logger in a libraryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#adding-handlers-other-than-nullhandler-to-a-logger-in-a-library
Creating a lot of loggershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#creating-a-lot-of-loggers
Other resourceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/logging-cookbook.html#other-resources
Regular Expression HOWTOhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#introduction
Simple Patternshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#simple-patterns
Matching Charactershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#matching-characters
Repeating Thingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#repeating-things
Using Regular Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#using-regular-expressions
Compiling Regular Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#compiling-regular-expressions
The Backslash Plaguehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#the-backslash-plague
Performing Matcheshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#performing-matches
Module-Level Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#module-level-functions
Compilation Flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#compilation-flags
More Pattern Powerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#more-pattern-power
More Metacharactershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#more-metacharacters
Groupinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#grouping
Non-capturing and Named Groupshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#non-capturing-and-named-groups
Lookahead Assertionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#lookahead-assertions
Modifying Stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#modifying-strings
Splitting Stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#splitting-strings
Search and Replacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#search-and-replace
Common Problemshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#common-problems
Use String Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#use-string-methods
match() versus search()https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#match-versus-search
Greedy versus Non-Greedyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#greedy-versus-non-greedy
Using re.VERBOSEhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#using-re-verbose
Feedbackhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/regex.html#feedback
Socket Programming HOWTOhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html
Socketshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#sockets
Historyhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#history
Creating a Sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#creating-a-socket
IPChttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#ipc
Using a Sockethttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#using-a-socket
Binary Datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#binary-data
Disconnectinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#disconnecting
When Sockets Diehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#when-sockets-die
Non-blocking Socketshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sockets.html#non-blocking-sockets
Sorting HOW TOhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html
Sorting Basicshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#sorting-basics
Key Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#key-functions
Operator Module Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#operator-module-functions
Ascending and Descendinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#ascending-and-descending
Sort Stability and Complex Sortshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#sort-stability-and-complex-sorts
Decorate-Sort-Undecoratehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#decorate-sort-undecorate
Comparison Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#comparison-functions
Odds and Endshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/sorting.html#odds-and-ends
Unicode HOWTOhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html
Introduction to Unicodehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#introduction-to-unicode
Definitionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#definitions
Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#encodings
Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#references
Python’s Unicode Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#python-s-unicode-support
The String Typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#the-string-type
Converting to Byteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#converting-to-bytes
Unicode Literals in Python Source Codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#unicode-literals-in-python-source-code
Unicode Propertieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#unicode-properties
Comparing Stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#comparing-strings
Unicode Regular Expressionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#unicode-regular-expressions
Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#id2
Reading and Writing Unicode Datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#reading-and-writing-unicode-data
Unicode filenameshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#unicode-filenames
Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#tips-for-writing-unicode-aware-programs
Converting Between File Encodingshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#converting-between-file-encodings
Files in an Unknown Encodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#files-in-an-unknown-encoding
Referenceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#id3
Acknowledgementshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/unicode.html#acknowledgements
HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Packagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#introduction
Fetching URLshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#fetching-urls
Datahttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#data
Headershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#headers
Handling Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#handling-exceptions
URLErrorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#urlerror
HTTPErrorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#httperror
Error Codeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#error-codes
Wrapping it Uphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#wrapping-it-up
Number 1https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#number-1
Number 2https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#number-2
info and geturlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#info-and-geturl
Openers and Handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#openers-and-handlers
Basic Authenticationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#id5
Proxieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#proxies
Sockets and Layershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#sockets-and-layers
Footnoteshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/urllib2.html#footnotes
Argparse Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html
Conceptshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#concepts
The basicshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#the-basics
Introducing Positional argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#introducing-positional-arguments
Introducing Optional argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#introducing-optional-arguments
Short optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#short-options
Combining Positional and Optional argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#combining-positional-and-optional-arguments
Getting a little more advancedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#getting-a-little-more-advanced
Specifying ambiguous argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#specifying-ambiguous-arguments
Conflicting optionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#conflicting-options
Conclusionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/argparse.html#conclusion
An introduction to the ipaddress modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html
Creating Address/Network/Interface objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#creating-address-network-interface-objects
A Note on IP Versionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#a-note-on-ip-versions
IP Host Addresseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#ip-host-addresses
Defining Networkshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#defining-networks
Host Interfaceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#host-interfaces
Inspecting Address/Network/Interface Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#inspecting-address-network-interface-objects
Networks as lists of Addresseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#networks-as-lists-of-addresses
Comparisonshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#comparisons
Using IP Addresses with other moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#using-ip-addresses-with-other-modules
Getting more detail when instance creation failshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/ipaddress.html#getting-more-detail-when-instance-creation-fails
Argument Clinic How-Tohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html
The Goals Of Argument Clinichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#the-goals-of-argument-clinic
Basic Concepts And Usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#basic-concepts-and-usage
Converting Your First Functionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#converting-your-first-function
Advanced Topicshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#advanced-topics
Symbolic default valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#symbolic-default-values
Renaming the C functions and variables generated by Argument Clinichttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#renaming-the-c-functions-and-variables-generated-by-argument-clinic
Converting functions using PyArg_UnpackTuplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#converting-functions-using-pyarg-unpacktuple
Optional Groupshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#optional-groups
Using real Argument Clinic converters, instead of “legacy converters”https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#using-real-argument-clinic-converters-instead-of-legacy-converters
Py_bufferhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#py-buffer
Advanced convertershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#advanced-converters
Parameter default valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#parameter-default-values
The NULL default valuehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#the-null-default-value
Expressions specified as default valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#expressions-specified-as-default-values
Using a return converterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#using-a-return-converter
Cloning existing functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#cloning-existing-functions
Calling Python codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#calling-python-code
Using a “self converter”https://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#using-a-self-converter
Using a “defining class” converterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#using-a-defining-class-converter
Writing a custom converterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#writing-a-custom-converter
Writing a custom return converterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#writing-a-custom-return-converter
METH_O and METH_NOARGShttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#meth-o-and-meth-noargs
tp_new and tp_init functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#tp-new-and-tp-init-functions
Changing and redirecting Clinic’s outputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#changing-and-redirecting-clinic-s-output
The #ifdef trickhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#the-ifdef-trick
Using Argument Clinic in Python fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/clinic.html#using-argument-clinic-in-python-files
Instrumenting CPython with DTrace and SystemTaphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/instrumentation.html
Enabling the static markershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/instrumentation.html#enabling-the-static-markers
Static DTrace probeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/instrumentation.html#static-dtrace-probes
Static SystemTap markershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/instrumentation.html#static-systemtap-markers
Available static markershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/instrumentation.html#available-static-markers
SystemTap Tapsetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/instrumentation.html#systemtap-tapsets
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/instrumentation.html#examples
Python support for the Linux perf profilerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/perf_profiling.html
How to enable perf profiling supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/perf_profiling.html#how-to-enable-perf-profiling-support
How to obtain the best resultshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/perf_profiling.html#how-to-obtain-the-best-results
Annotations Best Practiceshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/annotations.html
Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.10 And Newerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/annotations.html#accessing-the-annotations-dict-of-an-object-in-python-3-10-and-newer
Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.9 And Olderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/annotations.html#accessing-the-annotations-dict-of-an-object-in-python-3-9-and-older
Manually Un-Stringizing Stringized Annotationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/annotations.html#manually-un-stringizing-stringized-annotations
Best Practices For __annotations__ In Any Python Versionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/annotations.html#best-practices-for-annotations-in-any-python-version
__annotations__ Quirkshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/annotations.html#annotations-quirks
Isolating Extension Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html
Who should read thishttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#who-should-read-this
Backgroundhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#background
Enter Per-Module Statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#enter-per-module-state
Isolated Module Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#isolated-module-objects
Surprising Edge Caseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#surprising-edge-cases
Making Modules Safe with Multiple Interpretershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#making-modules-safe-with-multiple-interpreters
Managing Global Statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#managing-global-state
Managing Per-Module Statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#managing-per-module-state
Opt-Out: Limiting to One Module Object per Processhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#opt-out-limiting-to-one-module-object-per-process
Module State Access from Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-functions
Heap Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#heap-types
Changing Static Types to Heap Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#changing-static-types-to-heap-types
Defining Heap Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#defining-heap-types
Garbage-Collection Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#garbage-collection-protocol
Module State Access from Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-classes
Module State Access from Regular Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-regular-methods
Module State Access from Slot Methods, Getters and Settershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-slot-methods-getters-and-setters
Lifetime of the Module Statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#lifetime-of-the-module-state
Open Issueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#open-issues
Per-Class Scopehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#per-class-scope
Lossless Conversion to Heap Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/howto/isolating-extensions.html#lossless-conversion-to-heap-types
----------------------https://python-sidebar.github.io/glossary.html
Installing Python Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html
Key termshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#key-terms
Basic usagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#basic-usage
How do I …?https://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#how-do-i
… install pip in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?https://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4
… install packages just for the current user?https://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user
… install scientific Python packages?https://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#install-scientific-python-packages
… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?https://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel
Common installation issueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#common-installation-issues
Installing into the system Python on Linuxhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux
Pip not installedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#pip-not-installed
Installing binary extensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/installing/index.html#installing-binary-extensions
Installing Python Modules (Legacy version)https://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#introduction
Distutils based source distributionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#distutils-based-source-distributions
Standard Build and Installhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#standard-build-and-install
Platform variationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#platform-variations
Splitting the job uphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#splitting-the-job-up
How building workshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#how-building-works
How installation workshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#how-installation-works
Alternate Installationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#alternate-installation
Alternate installation: the user schemehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#alternate-installation-the-user-scheme
Alternate installation: the home schemehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#alternate-installation-the-home-scheme
Alternate installation: Unix (the prefix scheme)https://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#alternate-installation-unix-the-prefix-scheme
Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)https://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#alternate-installation-windows-the-prefix-scheme
Custom Installationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#custom-installation
Modifying Python’s Search Pathhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#modifying-python-s-search-path
Distutils Configuration Fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#distutils-configuration-files
Location and names of config fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#location-and-names-of-config-files
Syntax of config fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#syntax-of-config-files
Building Extensions: Tips and Trickshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#building-extensions-tips-and-tricks
Tweaking compiler/linker flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#tweaking-compiler-linker-flags
Using non-Microsoft compilers on Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#using-non-microsoft-compilers-on-windows
Borland/CodeGear C++https://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#borland-codegear-c
GNU C / Cygwin / MinGWhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#gnu-c-cygwin-mingw
Older Versions of Python and MinGWhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/install/index.html#older-versions-of-python-and-mingw
Distributing Python Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html
Key termshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html#key-terms
Open source licensing and collaborationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html#open-source-licensing-and-collaboration
Installing the toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html#installing-the-tools
Reading the Python Packaging User Guidehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html#reading-the-python-packaging-user-guide
How do I…?https://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html#how-do-i
… choose a name for my project?https://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html#choose-a-name-for-my-project
… create and distribute binary extensions?https://python-sidebar.github.io/distributing/index.html#create-and-distribute-binary-extensions
Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/index.html
Recommended third party toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/index.html#recommended-third-party-tools
Creating extensions without third party toolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/index.html#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools
1. Extending Python with C or C++https://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html
1.1. A Simple Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#a-simple-example
1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions
1.3. Back to the Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#back-to-the-example
1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Functionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function
1.5. Compilation and Linkagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#compilation-and-linkage
1.6. Calling Python Functions from Chttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c
1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions
1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions
1.9. Building Arbitrary Valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values
1.10. Reference Countshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#reference-counts
1.10.1. Reference Counting in Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python
1.10.2. Ownership Ruleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#ownership-rules
1.10.3. Thin Icehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#thin-ice
1.10.4. NULL Pointershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#null-pointers
1.11. Writing Extensions in C++https://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c
1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Modulehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module
2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html
2.1. The Basicshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#the-basics
2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example
2.3. Providing finer control over data attributeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes
2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collectionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection
2.5. Subclassing other typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#subclassing-other-types
3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topicshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html
3.1. Finalization and De-allocationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation
3.2. Object Presentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#object-presentation
3.3. Attribute Managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#attribute-management
3.3.1. Generic Attribute Managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#generic-attribute-management
3.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#type-specific-attribute-management
3.4. Object Comparisonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#object-comparison
3.5. Abstract Protocol Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support
3.6. Weak Reference Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#weak-reference-support
3.7. More Suggestionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/newtypes.html#more-suggestions
4. Building C and C++ Extensionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/building.html
4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptoolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-setuptools
5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/windows.html
5.1. A Cookbook Approachhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/windows.html#a-cookbook-approach
5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows
5.3. Using DLLs in Practicehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice
Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/index.html#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application
1. Embedding Python in Another Applicationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/embedding.html
1.1. Very High Level Embeddinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding
1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview
1.3. Pure Embeddinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/embedding.html#pure-embedding
1.4. Extending Embedded Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/embedding.html#extending-embedded-python
1.5. Embedding Python in C++https://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c
1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systemshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/extending/embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems
Python/C API Reference Manualhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/index.html
Introductionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html
Coding standardshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#coding-standards
Include Fileshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#include-files
Useful macroshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#useful-macros
Objects, Types and Reference Countshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#objects-types-and-reference-counts
Reference Countshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#reference-counts
Reference Count Detailshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#reference-count-details
Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#types
Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#exceptions
Embedding Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#embedding-python
Debugging Buildshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds
C API Stabilityhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/stable.html
Stable Application Binary Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/stable.html#stable-application-binary-interface
Limited API Scope and Performancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/stable.html#limited-api-scope-and-performance
Limited API Caveatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/stable.html#limited-api-caveats
Platform Considerationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/stable.html#platform-considerations
Contents of Limited APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/stable.html#contents-of-limited-api
The Very High Level Layerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/veryhigh.html
Reference Countinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/refcounting.html
Exception Handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html
Printing and clearinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#printing-and-clearing
Raising exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#raising-exceptions
Issuing warningshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#issuing-warnings
Querying the error indicatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#querying-the-error-indicator
Signal Handlinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#signal-handling
Exception Classeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#exception-classes
Exception Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#exception-objects
Unicode Exception Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#unicode-exception-objects
Recursion Controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#recursion-control
Standard Exceptionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#standard-exceptions
Standard Warning Categorieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/exceptions.html#standard-warning-categories
Utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/utilities.html
Operating System Utilitieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/sys.html
System Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/sys.html#system-functions
Process Controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/sys.html#process-control
Importing Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/import.html
Data marshalling supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/marshal.html
Parsing arguments and building valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/arg.html
Parsing argumentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/arg.html#parsing-arguments
Strings and buffershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/arg.html#strings-and-buffers
Numbershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/arg.html#numbers
Other objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/arg.html#other-objects
API Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/arg.html#api-functions
Building valueshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/arg.html#building-values
String conversion and formattinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/conversion.html
Reflectionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/reflection.html
Codec registry and support functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/codec.html
Codec lookup APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/codec.html#codec-lookup-api
Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers
Abstract Objects Layerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/abstract.html
Object Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/object.html
Call Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/call.html
The tp_call Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/call.html#the-tp-call-protocol
The Vectorcall Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/call.html#the-vectorcall-protocol
Recursion Controlhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/call.html#recursion-control
Vectorcall Support APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/call.html#vectorcall-support-api
Object Calling APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/call.html#object-calling-api
Call Support APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/call.html#call-support-api
Number Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/number.html
Sequence Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/sequence.html
Mapping Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/mapping.html
Iterator Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/iter.html
Buffer Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html
Buffer structurehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#buffer-structure
Buffer request typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#buffer-request-types
request-independent fieldshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#request-independent-fields
readonly, formathttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#readonly-format
shape, strides, suboffsetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#shape-strides-suboffsets
contiguity requestshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#contiguity-requests
compound requestshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#compound-requests
Complex arrayshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#complex-arrays
NumPy-style: shape and strideshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#numpy-style-shape-and-strides
PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsetshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#pil-style-shape-strides-and-suboffsets
Buffer-related functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/buffer.html#buffer-related-functions
Old Buffer Protocolhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/objbuffer.html
Concrete Objects Layerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/concrete.html
Fundamental Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/concrete.html#fundamental-objects
Type Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/type.html
Creating Heap-Allocated Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/type.html#creating-heap-allocated-types
The None Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/none.html
Numeric Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/concrete.html#numeric-objects
Integer Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/long.html
Boolean Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/bool.html
Floating Point Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/float.html
Pack and Unpack functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/float.html#pack-and-unpack-functions
Pack functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/float.html#pack-functions
Unpack functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/float.html#unpack-functions
Complex Number Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/complex.html
Complex Numbers as C Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures
Complex Numbers as Python Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects
Sequence Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/concrete.html#sequence-objects
Bytes Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/bytes.html
Byte Array Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/bytearray.html
Type check macroshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/bytearray.html#type-check-macros
Direct API functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/bytearray.html#direct-api-functions
Macroshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/bytearray.html#macros
Unicode Objects and Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html
Unicode Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#unicode-objects
Unicode Typehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#unicode-type
Unicode Character Propertieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#unicode-character-properties
Creating and accessing Unicode stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings
Locale Encodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#locale-encoding
File System Encodinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#file-system-encoding
wchar_t Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#wchar-t-support
Built-in Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#built-in-codecs
Generic Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#generic-codecs
UTF-8 Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#utf-8-codecs
UTF-32 Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#utf-32-codecs
UTF-16 Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#utf-16-codecs
UTF-7 Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#utf-7-codecs
Unicode-Escape Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs
Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs
Latin-1 Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#latin-1-codecs
ASCII Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#ascii-codecs
Character Map Codecshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#character-map-codecs
MBCS codecs for Windowshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows
Methods & Slotshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#methods-slots
Methods and Slot Functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions
Tuple Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/tuple.html
Struct Sequence Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/tuple.html#struct-sequence-objects
List Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/list.html
Container Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/concrete.html#container-objects
Dictionary Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/dict.html
Set Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/set.html
Function Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/concrete.html#function-objects
Function Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/function.html
Instance Method Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/method.html
Method Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/method.html#method-objects
Cell Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/cell.html
Code Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/code.html
Other Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/concrete.html#other-objects
File Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/file.html
Module Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/module.html
Initializing C moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/module.html#initializing-c-modules
Single-phase initializationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/module.html#single-phase-initialization
Multi-phase initializationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/module.html#multi-phase-initialization
Low-level module creation functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/module.html#low-level-module-creation-functions
Support functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/module.html#support-functions
Module lookuphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/module.html#module-lookup
Iterator Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/iterator.html
Descriptor Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/descriptor.html
Slice Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/slice.html
Ellipsis Objecthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/slice.html#ellipsis-object
MemoryView objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memoryview.html
Weak Reference Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/weakref.html
Capsuleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/capsule.html
Frame Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/frame.html
Generator Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/gen.html
Coroutine Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/coro.html
Context Variables Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/contextvars.html
DateTime Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/datetime.html
Objects for Type Hintinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typehints.html
Initialization, Finalization, and Threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html
Before Python Initializationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#before-python-initialization
Global configuration variableshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#global-configuration-variables
Initializing and finalizing the interpreterhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#initializing-and-finalizing-the-interpreter
Process-wide parametershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#process-wide-parameters
Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lockhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#thread-state-and-the-global-interpreter-lock
Releasing the GIL from extension codehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#releasing-the-gil-from-extension-code
Non-Python created threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#non-python-created-threads
Cautions about fork()https://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#cautions-about-fork
High-level APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#high-level-api
Low-level APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#low-level-api
Sub-interpreter supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#sub-interpreter-support
Bugs and caveatshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#bugs-and-caveats
Asynchronous Notificationshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#asynchronous-notifications
Profiling and Tracinghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#profiling-and-tracing
Advanced Debugger Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#advanced-debugger-support
Thread Local Storage Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#thread-local-storage-support
Thread Specific Storage (TSS) APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#thread-specific-storage-tss-api
Dynamic Allocationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#dynamic-allocation
Methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#methods
Thread Local Storage (TLS) APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init.html#thread-local-storage-tls-api
Python Initialization Configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html
Examplehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#example
PyWideStringListhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#pywidestringlist
PyStatushttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#pystatus
PyPreConfighttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#pypreconfig
Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfighttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#preinitialize-python-with-pypreconfig
PyConfighttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#pyconfig
Initialization with PyConfighttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#initialization-with-pyconfig
Isolated Configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#isolated-configuration
Python Configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#python-configuration
Python Path Configurationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#python-path-configuration
Py_RunMain()https://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#py-runmain
Py_GetArgcArgv()https://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#py-getargcargv
Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/init_config.html#multi-phase-initialization-private-provisional-api
Memory Managementhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html
Overviewhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#overview
Allocator Domainshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#allocator-domains
Raw Memory Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#raw-memory-interface
Memory Interfacehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#memory-interface
Object allocatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#object-allocators
Default Memory Allocatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#default-memory-allocators
Customize Memory Allocatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#customize-memory-allocators
Debug hooks on the Python memory allocatorshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#debug-hooks-on-the-python-memory-allocators
The pymalloc allocatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#the-pymalloc-allocator
Customize pymalloc Arena Allocatorhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#customize-pymalloc-arena-allocator
tracemalloc C APIhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#tracemalloc-c-api
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/memory.html#examples
Object Implementation Supporthttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/objimpl.html
Allocating Objects on the Heaphttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/allocation.html
Common Object Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/structures.html
Base object types and macroshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/structures.html#base-object-types-and-macros
Implementing functions and methodshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/structures.html#implementing-functions-and-methods
Accessing attributes of extension typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/structures.html#accessing-attributes-of-extension-types
Member flagshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/structures.html#member-flags
Member typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/structures.html#member-types
Defining Getters and Settershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/structures.html#defining-getters-and-setters
Type Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html
Quick Referencehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#quick-reference
“tp slots”https://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#tp-slots
sub-slotshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#sub-slots
slot typedefshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#slot-typedefs
PyTypeObject Definitionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#pytypeobject-definition
PyObject Slotshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#pyobject-slots
PyVarObject Slotshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#pyvarobject-slots
PyTypeObject Slotshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#pytypeobject-slots
Static Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#static-types
Heap Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#heap-types
Number Object Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#number-object-structures
Mapping Object Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#mapping-object-structures
Sequence Object Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#sequence-object-structures
Buffer Object Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#buffer-object-structures
Async Object Structureshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#async-object-structures
Slot Type typedefshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#slot-type-typedefs
Exampleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/typeobj.html#examples
Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collectionhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/gcsupport.html
Controlling the Garbage Collector Statehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/gcsupport.html#controlling-the-garbage-collector-state
API and ABI Versioninghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/c-api/apiabiversion.html
Python Frequently Asked Questionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/index.html
General Python FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/general.html
General Informationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/general.html#general-information
Python in the real worldhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/general.html#python-in-the-real-world
Programming FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html
General Questionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html#general-questions
Core Languagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html#core-language
Numbers and stringshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html#numbers-and-strings
Performancehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html#performance
Sequences (Tuples/Lists)https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html#sequences-tuples-lists
Objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html#objects
Moduleshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/programming.html#modules
Design and History FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html
Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-does-python-use-indentation-for-grouping-of-statements
Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-am-i-getting-strange-results-with-simple-arithmetic-operations
Why are floating-point calculations so inaccurate?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-are-floating-point-calculations-so-inaccurate
Why are Python strings immutable?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-are-python-strings-immutable
Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls
Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-can-t-i-use-an-assignment-in-an-expression
Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-does-python-use-methods-for-some-functionality-e-g-list-index-but-functions-for-other-e-g-len-list
Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-is-join-a-string-method-instead-of-a-list-or-tuple-method
How fast are exceptions?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#how-fast-are-exceptions
Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-isn-t-there-a-switch-or-case-statement-in-python
Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#can-t-you-emulate-threads-in-the-interpreter-instead-of-relying-on-an-os-specific-thread-implementation
Why can’t lambda expressions contain statements?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-can-t-lambda-expressions-contain-statements
Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#can-python-be-compiled-to-machine-code-c-or-some-other-language
How does Python manage memory?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#how-does-python-manage-memory
Why doesn’t CPython use a more traditional garbage collection scheme?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-cpython-use-a-more-traditional-garbage-collection-scheme
Why isn’t all memory freed when CPython exits?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-isn-t-all-memory-freed-when-cpython-exits
Why are there separate tuple and list data types?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-are-there-separate-tuple-and-list-data-types
How are lists implemented in CPython?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#how-are-lists-implemented-in-cpython
How are dictionaries implemented in CPython?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#how-are-dictionaries-implemented-in-cpython
Why must dictionary keys be immutable?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-must-dictionary-keys-be-immutable
Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-list-sort-return-the-sorted-list
How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#how-do-you-specify-and-enforce-an-interface-spec-in-python
Why is there no goto?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-is-there-no-goto
Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-can-t-raw-strings-r-strings-end-with-a-backslash
Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-python-have-a-with-statement-for-attribute-assignments
Why don’t generators support the with statement?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-don-t-generators-support-the-with-statement
Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-are-colons-required-for-the-if-while-def-class-statements
Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/design.html#why-does-python-allow-commas-at-the-end-of-lists-and-tuples
Library and Extension FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html
General Library Questionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html#general-library-questions
Common taskshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html#common-tasks
Threadshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html#threads
Input and Outputhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html#input-and-output
Network/Internet Programminghttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html#network-internet-programming
Databaseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html#databases
Mathematics and Numericshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/library.html#mathematics-and-numerics
Extending/Embedding FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html
Can I create my own functions in C?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c
Can I create my own functions in C++?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#id1
Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives
How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c
How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c
How do I extract C values from a Python object?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object
How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length
How do I call an object’s method from C?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c
How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr
How do I access a module written in Python from C?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c
How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python
I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why
How do I debug an extension?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-debug-an-extension
I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why
How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input
How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual
Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/extending.html#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance
Python on Windows FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html
How do I run a Python program under Windows?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#how-do-i-run-a-python-program-under-windows
How do I make Python scripts executable?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#how-do-i-make-python-scripts-executable
Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#why-does-python-sometimes-take-so-long-to-start
How do I make an executable from a Python script?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#how-do-i-make-an-executable-from-a-python-script
Is a *.pyd file the same as a DLL?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#is-a-pyd-file-the-same-as-a-dll
How can I embed Python into a Windows application?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#how-can-i-embed-python-into-a-windows-application
How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#how-do-i-keep-editors-from-inserting-tabs-into-my-python-source
How do I check for a keypress without blocking?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#how-do-i-check-for-a-keypress-without-blocking
How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/windows.html#how-do-i-solve-the-missing-api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0-dll-error
Graphic User Interface FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/gui.html
General GUI Questionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/gui.html#general-gui-questions
What GUI toolkits exist for Python?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/gui.html#what-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python
Tkinter questionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/gui.html#tkinter-questions
“Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/installed.html
What is Python?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/installed.html#what-is-python
Why is Python installed on my machine?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/installed.html#why-is-python-installed-on-my-machine
Can I delete Python?https://python-sidebar.github.io/faq/installed.html#can-i-delete-python
----------------------https://python-sidebar.github.io/glossary.html
Python Module Indexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/py-modindex.html
General Indexhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/genindex.html
Search pagehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/search.html
Complete TOChttps://python-sidebar.github.io/contents.html
Glossaryhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/glossary.html
----------------------https://python-sidebar.github.io/glossary.html
About these documentshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/about.html
Contributors to the Python Documentationhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/about.html#contributors-to-the-python-documentation
Contributing to Docshttps://devguide.python.org/documentation/help-documenting/index.html#helping-with-documentation
Dealing with Bugshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/bugs.html
Documentation bugshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/bugs.html#documentation-bugs
Using the Python issue trackerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/bugs.html#using-the-python-issue-tracker
Getting started contributing to Python yourselfhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/bugs.html#getting-started-contributing-to-python-yourself
History and Licensehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/license.html
History of the softwarehttps://python-sidebar.github.io/license.html#history-of-the-software
Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/license.html#terms-and-conditions-for-accessing-or-otherwise-using-python
PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 3.12.0a5https://python-sidebar.github.io/license.html#psf-license-agreement-for-python-release
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https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/allos.html#generic-operating-system-services
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Text I/Ohttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/io.html#id3
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argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commandshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/argparse.html
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Handler configuration orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.config.html#handler-configuration-order
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StreamHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler
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WatchedFileHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler
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SMTPHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler
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HTTPHandlerhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler
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Textbox objectshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/curses.html#textbox-objects
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Java Platformhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/platform.html#java-platform
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errno — Standard errno system symbolshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/errno.html
ctypes — A foreign function library for Pythonhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html
ctypes tutorialhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial
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Calling functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions
Fundamental data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types
Calling functions, continuedhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued
Calling varadic functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-varadic-functions
Calling functions with your own custom data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types
Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes
Return typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#return-types
Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)https://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference
Structures and unionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions
Structure/union alignment and byte orderhttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order
Bit fields in structures and unionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions
Arrayshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#arrays
Pointershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#pointers
Type conversionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#type-conversions
Incomplete Typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types
Callback functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#callback-functions
Accessing values exported from dllshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls
Surpriseshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#surprises
Variable-sized data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types
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Finding shared librarieshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries
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Foreign functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions
Function prototypeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes
Utility functionshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#utility-functions
Data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#data-types
Fundamental data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2
Structured data typeshttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types
Arrays and pointershttps://python-sidebar.github.io/library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers
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