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Title: FAQ · microsoft/TypeScript Wiki · GitHub

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Description: TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that compiles to clean JavaScript output. - FAQ · microsoft/TypeScript Wiki

Open Graph Description: TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that compiles to clean JavaScript output. - microsoft/TypeScript

X Description: TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that compiles to clean JavaScript output. - microsoft/TypeScript

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#202https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/202
#4196https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/4196
#12936https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/12936
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#behavior-that-looks-wrong-and-arguably-is-but-is-currently-working-as-intended
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#new-utility-types
Experience has taught ushttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/30825
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#add-a-key-constraint-to-omit
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#module-specifier-rewriting
rewriteRelativeImportExtensionshttps://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/#rewriteRelativeImportExtensions
Module documentationhttps://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/modules/theory.html#module-specifiers-are-not-transformed
This commenthttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/49083#issuecomment-1435399267
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#additional-logic-in-nouncheckedindexedaccess
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#throws--checked-exceptions--typed-exceptions
See this commenthttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/13219#issuecomment-1515037604
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#common-misconceptions
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#comment-emit-is-best-effort
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#primitives-are---and---doesnt-mean-object
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#--does-not-refer-to-objects-with-no-properties
lint ruleshttps://github.com/typescript-eslint/typescript-eslint/issues/8700
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#evolving-let-and-evolving-arrays-arent-any
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#indirect-excess-properties-are-ok
this StackOverflow posthttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/55012174/why-doesnt-object-keys-return-a-keyof-type-in-typescript
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#numberisfinite-and-numberisnan-are-typed-correctly
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#parameter-contravariance-is-correct
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#parameter-arity-variance-is-correct
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#void-and-undefined-are-different
this StackOverflow answerhttps://stackoverflow.com/a/58885486
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#exclude-isnt-type-negation
As mentioned in the documentationhttps://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/utility-types.html#excludeuniontype-excludedmembers
distributivityhttps://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/conditional-types.html#distributive-conditional-types
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#as-is-the-casting-operator-so-it-casts
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#the-ecmascript-spec-is-descriptive-not-normative
this Stackoverflow Posthttps://stackoverflow.com/a/41750391/
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#exclude-in-tsconfigjson-only-filters-include
As mentioned in the docshttps://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig#exclude
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#the-lib-in-skiplibcheck-refers-to-dts-files
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#non-invariants
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#circularity-errors-may-occur-in-the-presence-of-circularities
#45213https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/45213
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#comment-preservation-not-guaranteed
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#structural-vs-instantiation-based-inference
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#turn-on-this-flag-to-do-that
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#auto-import-heuristics-and-preferences
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#assume-array-access-might-be-out-of-bounds-nouncheckedindexedaccess
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#require-properties-to-either-be-missing-or-not-undefined-exactoptionalpropertytypes
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#enforce-readonly-in-subtyping--assignability
#58296https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/58296
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#common-comments
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#what-kind-of-feedback-are-you-looking-for
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https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#issue-claiminghttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#issue-claiming
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#any-updates
iteration planshttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/labels/Planning
meeting noteshttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/labels/Design%20Notes
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#this-is-closed-but-should-be-open-or-vice-versa
hard to find definitions that everyone agrees withhttps://danluu.com/impossible-agree/
code of conducthttps://microsoft.github.io/codeofconduct/
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#other-faqs-and-errors
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-method-bivariance
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#what-does-error-ts1287-mean
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#faq-archive
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FAQ Entry on this pagehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-do-these-empty-classes-behave-strangely
FAQ Entry on this pagehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-are-functions-returning-non-void-assignable-to-function-returning-void
FAQ Entry on this pagehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-are-functions-with-fewer-parameters-assignable-to-functions-that-take-more-parameters
FAQ Entry on this pagehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#you-should-emit-classes-like-this-so-they-have-real-private-members
issuehttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/31751
herehttps://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/18654
node documentationhttps://nodejs.org/api/esm.html#commonjs-namespaces
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#common-feature-requests-1
#16https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/16
#8https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/8
#9https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/9
#563https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/563
#513https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/513
#212https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/212
#3442https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/3442
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#type-system-behavior
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#what-is-structural-typing
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#what-is-type-erasure
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-are-functions-returning-non-void-assignable-to-function-returning-void
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-are-all-types-assignable-to-empty-interfaces
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#can-i-make-a-type-alias-nominal
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#how-do-i-prevent-two-types-from-being-structurally-compatible
#202https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/202
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#how-do-i-check-at-run-time-if-an-object-implements-some-interface
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_erasurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_erasure
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-doesnt-this-incorrect-cast-throw-a-runtime-error
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-dont-i-get-type-checking-for-number--string-or-t--t
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-am-i-getting-an-error-about-a-missing-index-signature
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-am-i-getting-supplied-parameters-do-not-match-any-signature-error
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#classes
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-do-these-empty-classes-behave-strangely
"Why are all types assignable to empty interfaces?"https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-are-all-types-assignable-to-empty-interfaces
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#when-and-why-are-classes-nominal
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-does-this-get-orphaned-in-my-instance-methods
http://stackoverflow.com/a/20627988/1704166http://stackoverflow.com/a/20627988/1704166
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#whats-the-difference-between-bar-and-typeof-bar-when-bar-is-a-class
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-do-my-derived-class-property-initializers-overwrite-values-set-in-the-base-class-constructor
#1617https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/1617
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#whats-the-difference-between-declare-class-and-interface
http://stackoverflow.com/a/14348084/1704166http://stackoverflow.com/a/14348084/1704166
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#what-does-it-mean-for-an-interface-to-extend-a-class
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-am-i-getting-typeerror-base-class-name-is-not-defined-in-__extends
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-am-i-getting-typeerror-cannot-read-property-prototype-of-undefined-in-__extends
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-doesnt-extending-built-ins-like-error-array-and-map-work
Object.setPrototypeOfhttps://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/setPrototypeOf
__proto__https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/proto
these workarounds will not work on Internet Explorer 10 and priorhttps://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/s4esdbwz(v=vs.94).aspx
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#generics
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-is-astring-assignable-to-anumber-for-interface-at--
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-doesnt-type-inference-work-on-this-interface-interface-foot--
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-cant-i-write-typeof-t-new-t-or-instanceof-t-in-my-generic-function
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#commandline-behavior
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-did-adding-an-import-or-export-modifier-break-my-program
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#what-does-the-error-exported-variable-name-has-or-is-using-private-name-name-mean
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#tsconfigjson-behavior
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#how-can-i-specify-an-include
#1927https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/1927
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-am-i-getting-the-error-ts5055-cannot-write-file-xxxjs-because-it-would-overwrite-input-file-when-using-javascript-files
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#glossary-and-terms-in-this-faq
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#dogs-cats-and-animals-oh-my
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#substitutability
Substitutabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskov_substitution_principle
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#trailing-leading-and-detached-comments
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#dead-links-parking-lot
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#why-is-a-file-in-the-exclude-list-still-picked-up-by-the-compiler
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ#want-to-contribute-to-this-wiki
Fork it and send a pull request.https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript-wiki
Home https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki
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'this' in TypeScript https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/'this'-in-TypeScript
Please reload this pagehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/FAQ
All The Bots https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/All-The-Bots
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