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Title: GitHub - lightwind002/wtfpython: A collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features.

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Description: A collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features. - lightwind002/wtfpython

Open Graph Description: A collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features. - lightwind002/wtfpython

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Chinese 中文https://github.com/leisurelicht/wtfpython-cn
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#table-of-contents
Structure of the Exampleshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#structure-of-the-examples
Usagehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#usage
👀 Exampleshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-examples
Section: Strain your brain!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-strain-your-brain
▶ Strings can be tricky sometimes *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-strings-can-be-tricky-sometimes-
▶ Time for some hash brownies!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-time-for-some-hash-brownies
▶ Return return everywhere!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-return-return-everywhere
▶ Deep down, we're all the same. *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-deep-down-were-all-the-same-
▶ For what?https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-for-what
▶ Evaluation time discrepancyhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-evaluation-time-discrepancy
▶ is is not what it is!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-is-is-not-what-it-is
▶ A tic-tac-toe where X wins in the first attempt!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-a-tic-tac-toe-where-x-wins-in-the-first-attempt
▶ The sticky output functionhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-sticky-output-function
▶ is not ... is not is (not ...)https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-is-not--is-not-is-not-
▶ The surprising commahttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-surprising-comma
▶ Backslashes at the end of stringhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-backslashes-at-the-end-of-string
▶ not knot!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-not-knot
▶ Half triple-quoted stringshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-half-triple-quoted-strings
▶ Midnight time doesn't exist?https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-midnight-time-doesnt-exist
▶ What's wrong with booleans?https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-whats-wrong-with-booleans
▶ Class attributes and instance attributeshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-class-attributes-and-instance-attributes
▶ yielding Nonehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-yielding-none
▶ Mutating the immutable!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-mutating-the-immutable
▶ The disappearing variable from outer scopehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-disappearing-variable-from-outer-scope
▶ When True is actually Falsehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-when-true-is-actually-false
▶ From filled to None in one instruction...https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-from-filled-to-none-in-one-instruction
▶ Subclass relationships *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-subclass-relationships-
▶ The mysterious key type conversion *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-mysterious-key-type-conversion-
▶ Let's see if you can guess this?https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-lets-see-if-you-can-guess-this
Section: Appearances are deceptive!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-appearances-are-deceptive
▶ Skipping lines?https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-skipping-lines
▶ Teleportation *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-teleportation-
▶ Well, something is fishy...https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-well-something-is-fishy
Section: Watch out for the landmines!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-watch-out-for-the-landmines
▶ Modifying a dictionary while iterating over ithttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-modifying-a-dictionary-while-iterating-over-it
▶ Stubborn del operator *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-stubborn-del-operator-
▶ Deleting a list item while iteratinghttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-deleting-a-list-item-while-iterating
▶ Loop variables leaking out!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-loop-variables-leaking-out
▶ Beware of default mutable arguments!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-beware-of-default-mutable-arguments
▶ Catching the Exceptionshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-catching-the-exceptions
▶ Same operands, different story!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-same-operands-different-story
▶ The out of scope variablehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-out-of-scope-variable
▶ Be careful with chained operationshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-be-careful-with-chained-operations
▶ Name resolution ignoring class scopehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-name-resolution-ignoring-class-scope
▶ Needle in a Haystackhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-needle-in-a-haystack
Section: The Hidden treasures!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-the-hidden-treasures
▶ Okay Python, Can you make me fly? *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-okay-python-can-you-make-me-fly-
▶ goto, but why? *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-goto-but-why-
▶ Brace yourself! *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-brace-yourself-
▶ Let's meet Friendly Language Uncle For Life *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-lets-meet-friendly-language-uncle-for-life-
▶ Even Python understands that love is complicated *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-even-python-understands-that-love-is-complicated-
▶ Yes, it exists!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-yes-it-exists
▶ Inpinity *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-inpinity-
▶ Mangling time! *https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-mangling-time-
Section: Miscellaneoushttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-miscellaneous
▶ += is fasterhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#--is-faster
▶ Let's make a giant string!https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-lets-make-a-giant-string
▶ Explicit typecast of stringshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explicit-typecast-of-strings
▶ Minor Oneshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-minor-ones
Contributinghttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#contributing
Acknowledgementshttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#acknowledgements
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython/blob/master/images/string-intern/string_intern.png
peephole optimizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peephole_optimization
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-time-for-some-hash-brownies
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-2
answerhttps://stackoverflow.com/a/32211042/4354153
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Python grammarhttps://docs.python.org/3/reference/grammar.html
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https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/long.htmlhttps://docs.python.org/3/c-api/long.html
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-8
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython/blob/master/images/tic-tac-toe/after_row_initialized.png
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython/blob/master/images/tic-tac-toe/after_board_initialized.png
thishttps://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfpython/issues/68
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-sticky-output-function
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-9
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-is-not--is-not-is-not-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-10
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-surprising-comma
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-11
fixed in Python 3.6https://bugs.python.org/issue9232
thishttps://bugs.python.org/issue9232#msg248399
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-backslashes-at-the-end-of-string
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-12
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-not-knot
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-13
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-half-triple-quoted-strings
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-14
string literal concatenationhttps://docs.python.org/2/reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-midnight-time-doesnt-exist
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-15
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-whats-wrong-with-booleans
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-16
answerhttps://stackoverflow.com/a/8169049/4354153
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-class-attributes-and-instance-attributes
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-17
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-yielding-none
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-18
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32139885/yield-in-list-comprehensions-and-generator-expressionshttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/32139885/yield-in-list-comprehensions-and-generator-expressions
http://bugs.python.org/issue10544http://bugs.python.org/issue10544
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-mutating-the-immutable
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-19
https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.htmlhttps://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-disappearing-variable-from-outer-scope
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-20
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#excepthttps://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#except
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-when-true-is-actually-false
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-21
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-from-filled-to-none-in-one-instruction
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-22
herehttp://docs.python.org/2/faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-list-sort-return-the-sorted-list
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-subclass-relationships-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-23
herehttps://www.naftaliharris.com/blog/python-subclass-intransitivity/
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-mysterious-key-type-conversion-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-24
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-lets-see-if-you-can-guess-this
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-25
Python language referencehttps://docs.python.org/2/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-appearances-are-deceptive
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-skipping-lines
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-26
code pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-teleportation-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-27
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-well-something-is-fishy
mixed_tabs_and_spaces.pyhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython/blob/master/mixed_tabs_and_spaces.py
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-28
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-watch-out-for-the-landmines
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-modifying-a-dictionary-while-iterating-over-it
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-29
threadhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/44763802/bug-in-python-dict
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-stubborn-del-operator-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-30
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-deleting-a-list-item-while-iterating
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-31
threadhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/45946228/what-happens-when-you-try-to-delete-a-list-element-while-iterating-over-it
threadhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/45877614/how-to-change-all-the-dictionary-keys-in-a-for-loop-with-d-items
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-loop-variables-leaking-out
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-32
What’s New In Python 3.0https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.0.html
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-beware-of-default-mutable-arguments
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-33
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-catching-the-exceptions
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-34
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-same-operands-different-story
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-35
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-the-out-of-scope-variable
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-36
thishttp://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_python_scope_and_namespaces.html
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-be-careful-with-chained-operations
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-37
https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#not-inhttps://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#not-in
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-name-resolution-ignoring-class-scope
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-38
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-needle-in-a-haystack
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-39
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-the-hidden-treasures
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-okay-python-can-you-make-me-fly-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-40
classic XKCD comichttp://xkcd.com/353/
codehttps://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/antigravity.py#L7-L17
XKCD's geohashing algorithmhttps://xkcd.com/426/
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-goto-but-why-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-41
announcedhttps://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-announce-list/2004-April/002982.html
reasonhttps://docs.python.org/3/faq/design.html#why-is-there-no-goto
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-brace-yourself-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-42
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-lets-meet-friendly-language-uncle-for-life-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-43
PEP-401https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0401/
herehttps://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0401/
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-even-python-understands-that-love-is-complicated-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-44
PEP 20https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020
this.pyhttps://hg.python.org/cpython/file/c3896275c0f6/Lib/this.py
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-yes-it-exists
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-45
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-inpinity-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-46
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-mangling-time-
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-47
Name Manglinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_mangling
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#section-miscellaneous
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#--is-faster
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-48
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-lets-make-a-giant-string
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-49
timeithttps://docs.python.org/3/library/timeit.html
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explicit-typecast-of-strings
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-explanation-50
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-minor-ones
sequenceshttps://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-sequence
threadhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/3654830/why-are-there-no-and-operators-in-python
Global Interpreter Lockhttps://wiki.python.org/moin/GlobalInterpreterLock
multiprocessinghttps://docs.python.org/2/library/multiprocessing.html
interesting storyhttp://chris.improbable.org/2014/8/25/adventures-in-unicode-digits/
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#contributing
CONTRIBUTING.mdhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
issuehttps://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfpython/issues/new
channelhttps://gitter.im/wtfpython/Lobby
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#acknowledgements
wtfjshttps://github.com/denysdovhan/wtfjs
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#some-nice-links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4XF6pKKmkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4XF6pKKmk
https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/3cu6ej/what_are_some_wtf_things_about_pythonhttps://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/3cu6ej/what_are_some_wtf_things_about_python
https://sopython.com/wiki/Common_Gotchas_In_Pythonhttps://sopython.com/wiki/Common_Gotchas_In_Python
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/530530/python-2-x-gotchas-and-landmineshttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/530530/python-2-x-gotchas-and-landmines
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1011431/common-pitfalls-in-pythonhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/1011431/common-pitfalls-in-python
https://www.python.org/doc/humor/https://www.python.org/doc/humor/
https://www.codementor.io/satwikkansal/python-practices-for-efficient-code-performance-memory-and-usability-aze6oiq65https://www.codementor.io/satwikkansal/python-practices-for-efficient-code-performance-memory-and-usability-aze6oiq65
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#-license
http://www.wtfpl.net
Satwik Kansalhttps://satwikkansal.xyz
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#help
https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#surprise-your-geeky-pythonist-friends
Twitterhttps://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfpython&hastags=python,wtfpython
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https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#need-a-pdf-version
herehttps://satwikkansal.xyz/wtfpython-pdf/
Readme https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#readme-ov-file
WTFPL license https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#WTFPL-1-ov-file
Code of conduct https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#coc-ov-file
Contributing https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython#contributing-ov-file
Please reload this pagehttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython
Activityhttps://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/lightwind002/wtfpython/activity
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