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Title: GitHub - wsstriving/wtfpython: A collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features.

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Description: A collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features. - wsstriving/wtfpython

Open Graph Description: A collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features. - wsstriving/wtfpython

X Description: A collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features. - wsstriving/wtfpython

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WTFPL license	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/blob/master/images/logo.png
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#what-the-fck-python-
	http://www.wtfpl.net
here	https://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfpython/releases/
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#table-of-contents
Structure of the Examples	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#structure-of-the-examples
Usage	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#usage
👀 Examples	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-examples
Section: Strain your brain!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-strain-your-brain
▶ Strings can be tricky sometimes *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-strings-can-be-tricky-sometimes-
▶ Time for some hash brownies!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-time-for-some-hash-brownies
▶ Return return everywhere!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-return-return-everywhere
▶ Deep down, we're all the same. *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-deep-down-were-all-the-same-
▶ For what?	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-for-what
▶ Evaluation time discrepancy	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-evaluation-time-discrepancy
▶ is is not what it is!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-is-is-not-what-it-is
▶ A tic-tac-toe where X wins in the first attempt!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-a-tic-tac-toe-where-x-wins-in-the-first-attempt
▶ The sticky output function	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-sticky-output-function
▶ is not ... is not is (not ...)	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-is-not--is-not-is-not-
▶ The surprising comma	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-surprising-comma
▶ Backslashes at the end of string	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-backslashes-at-the-end-of-string
▶ not knot!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-not-knot
▶ Half triple-quoted strings	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-half-triple-quoted-strings
▶ Midnight time doesn't exist?	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-midnight-time-doesnt-exist
▶ What's wrong with booleans?	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-whats-wrong-with-booleans
▶ Class attributes and instance attributes	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-class-attributes-and-instance-attributes
▶ yielding None	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-yielding-none
▶ Mutating the immutable!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-mutating-the-immutable
▶ The disappearing variable from outer scope	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-disappearing-variable-from-outer-scope
▶ When True is actually False	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-when-true-is-actually-false
▶ From filled to None in one instruction...	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-from-filled-to-none-in-one-instruction
▶ Subclass relationships *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-subclass-relationships-
▶ The mysterious key type conversion *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-mysterious-key-type-conversion-
▶ Let's see if you can guess this?	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-lets-see-if-you-can-guess-this
Section: Appearances are deceptive!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-appearances-are-deceptive
▶ Skipping lines?	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-skipping-lines
▶ Teleportation *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-teleportation-
▶ Well, something is fishy...	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-well-something-is-fishy
Section: Watch out for the landmines!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-watch-out-for-the-landmines
▶ Modifying a dictionary while iterating over it	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-modifying-a-dictionary-while-iterating-over-it
▶ Stubborn del operator *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-stubborn-del-operator-
▶ Deleting a list item while iterating	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-deleting-a-list-item-while-iterating
▶ Loop variables leaking out!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-loop-variables-leaking-out
▶ Beware of default mutable arguments!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-beware-of-default-mutable-arguments
▶ Catching the Exceptions	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-catching-the-exceptions
▶ Same operands, different story!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-same-operands-different-story
▶ The out of scope variable	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-out-of-scope-variable
▶ Be careful with chained operations	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-be-careful-with-chained-operations
▶ Name resolution ignoring class scope	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-name-resolution-ignoring-class-scope
▶ Needle in a Haystack	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-needle-in-a-haystack
Section: The Hidden treasures!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-the-hidden-treasures
▶ Okay Python, Can you make me fly? *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-okay-python-can-you-make-me-fly-
▶ goto, but why? *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-goto-but-why-
▶ Brace yourself! *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-brace-yourself-
▶ Let's meet Friendly Language Uncle For Life *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-lets-meet-friendly-language-uncle-for-life-
▶ Even Python understands that love is complicated *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-even-python-understands-that-love-is-complicated-
▶ Yes, it exists!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-yes-it-exists
▶ Inpinity *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-inpinity-
▶ Mangling time! *	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-mangling-time-
Section: Miscellaneous	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-miscellaneous
▶ += is faster	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#--is-faster
▶ Let's make a giant string!	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-lets-make-a-giant-string
▶ Explicit typecast of strings	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explicit-typecast-of-strings
▶ Minor Ones	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-minor-ones
Contributing	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#contributing
Acknowledgements	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#acknowledgements
🎓 License	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-license
Help	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#help
Want to share wtfpython with friends?	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#want-to-share-wtfpython-with-friends
Need a pdf version?	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#need-a-pdf-version
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#structure-of-the-examples
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-some-fancy-title-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#usage
here	https://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfPython
wtfpython	https://www.npmjs.com/package/wtfpython
wtfpython	https://pypi.python.org/pypi/wtfpython
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-examples
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-strain-your-brain
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-strings-can-be-tricky-sometimes-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-1
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/blob/master/images/string-intern/string_intern.png
peephole optimization	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peephole_optimization
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-time-for-some-hash-brownies
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-2
answer	https://stackoverflow.com/a/32211042/4354153
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-return-return-everywhere
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-3
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-deep-down-were-all-the-same-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-4
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-for-what
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-5
Python grammar	https://docs.python.org/3/reference/grammar.html
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-evaluation-time-discrepancy
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-6
generator	https://wiki.python.org/moin/Generators
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-is-is-not-what-it-is
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-7
https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/long.html	https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/long.html
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-a-tic-tac-toe-where-x-wins-in-the-first-attempt
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-8
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/blob/master/images/tic-tac-toe/after_row_initialized.png
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/blob/master/images/tic-tac-toe/after_board_initialized.png
this	https://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfpython/issues/68
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-sticky-output-function
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-9
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-is-not--is-not-is-not-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-10
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-surprising-comma
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-11
fixed in Python 3.6	https://bugs.python.org/issue9232
this	https://bugs.python.org/issue9232#msg248399
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-backslashes-at-the-end-of-string
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-12
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-not-knot
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-13
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-half-triple-quoted-strings
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-14
string literal concatenation	https://docs.python.org/2/reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-midnight-time-doesnt-exist
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-15
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-whats-wrong-with-booleans
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-16
answer	https://stackoverflow.com/a/8169049/4354153
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-class-attributes-and-instance-attributes
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-17
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-yielding-none
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-18
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32139885/yield-in-list-comprehensions-and-generator-expressions	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32139885/yield-in-list-comprehensions-and-generator-expressions
http://bugs.python.org/issue10544	http://bugs.python.org/issue10544
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-mutating-the-immutable
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-19
https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html	https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-disappearing-variable-from-outer-scope
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-20
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#except	https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#except
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-when-true-is-actually-false
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-21
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-from-filled-to-none-in-one-instruction
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-22
here	http://docs.python.org/2/faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-list-sort-return-the-sorted-list
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-subclass-relationships-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-23
here	https://www.naftaliharris.com/blog/python-subclass-intransitivity/
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-mysterious-key-type-conversion-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-24
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-lets-see-if-you-can-guess-this
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-25
Python language reference	https://docs.python.org/2/reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-appearances-are-deceptive
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-skipping-lines
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-26
code point	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-teleportation-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-27
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-well-something-is-fishy
mixed_tabs_and_spaces.py	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/blob/master/mixed_tabs_and_spaces.py
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-28
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-watch-out-for-the-landmines
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-modifying-a-dictionary-while-iterating-over-it
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-29
thread	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44763802/bug-in-python-dict
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-stubborn-del-operator-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-30
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-deleting-a-list-item-while-iterating
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-31
thread	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45946228/what-happens-when-you-try-to-delete-a-list-element-while-iterating-over-it
thread	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45877614/how-to-change-all-the-dictionary-keys-in-a-for-loop-with-d-items
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-loop-variables-leaking-out
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-32
What’s New In Python 3.0	https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.0.html
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-beware-of-default-mutable-arguments
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-33
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-catching-the-exceptions
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-34
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-same-operands-different-story
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-35
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-the-out-of-scope-variable
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-36
this	http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_python_scope_and_namespaces.html
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-be-careful-with-chained-operations
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-37
https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#not-in	https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#not-in
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-name-resolution-ignoring-class-scope
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-38
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-needle-in-a-haystack
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-39
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-the-hidden-treasures
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-okay-python-can-you-make-me-fly-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-40
classic XKCD comic	http://xkcd.com/353/
code	https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/antigravity.py#L7-L17
XKCD's geohashing algorithm	https://xkcd.com/426/
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-goto-but-why-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-41
announced	https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-announce-list/2004-April/002982.html
reason	https://docs.python.org/3/faq/design.html#why-is-there-no-goto
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-brace-yourself-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-42
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-lets-meet-friendly-language-uncle-for-life-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-43
PEP-401	https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0401/
here	https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0401/
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-even-python-understands-that-love-is-complicated-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-44
PEP 20	https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020
this.py	https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/c3896275c0f6/Lib/this.py
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-yes-it-exists
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-45
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-inpinity-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-46
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-mangling-time-
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-47
Name Mangling	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_mangling
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#section-miscellaneous
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#--is-faster
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-48
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-lets-make-a-giant-string
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-49
timeit	https://docs.python.org/3/library/timeit.html
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explicit-typecast-of-strings
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-explanation-50
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-minor-ones
sequences	https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-sequence
thread	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3654830/why-are-there-no-and-operators-in-python
Global Interpreter Lock	https://wiki.python.org/moin/GlobalInterpreterLock
multiprocessing	https://docs.python.org/2/library/multiprocessing.html
interesting story	http://chris.improbable.org/2014/8/25/adventures-in-unicode-digits/
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#contributing
CONTRIBUTING.md	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
issue	https://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfpython/issues/new
channel	https://gitter.im/wtfpython/Lobby
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#acknowledgements
wtfjs	https://github.com/denysdovhan/wtfjs
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#some-nice-links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4XF6pKKmk	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4XF6pKKmk
https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/3cu6ej/what_are_some_wtf_things_about_python	https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/3cu6ej/what_are_some_wtf_things_about_python
https://sopython.com/wiki/Common_Gotchas_In_Python	https://sopython.com/wiki/Common_Gotchas_In_Python
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/530530/python-2-x-gotchas-and-landmines	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/530530/python-2-x-gotchas-and-landmines
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1011431/common-pitfalls-in-python	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1011431/common-pitfalls-in-python
https://www.python.org/doc/humor/	https://www.python.org/doc/humor/
https://www.satwikkansal.xyz/archives/posts/python/My-Python-archives/	https://www.satwikkansal.xyz/archives/posts/python/My-Python-archives/
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#-license
	http://www.wtfpl.net
Satwik Kansal	https://satwikkansal.xyz
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#help
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#want-to-share-wtfpython-with-friends
Twitter	https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://github.com/satwikkansal/wtfpython&hastags=python,wtfpython
Linkedin	https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://github.com/satwikkansal&title=What%20the%20f*ck%20Python!&summary=An%20interesting%20collection%20of%20subtle%20and%20tricky%20Python%20snippets.
	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#need-a-pdf-version
here	https://satwikkansal.xyz/wtfpython-pdf/
Readme	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#readme-ov-file
WTFPL license	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#WTFPL-1-ov-file
Code of conduct	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#coc-ov-file
Contributing	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython#contributing-ov-file
Please reload this page	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython
Activity	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/activity
0 stars	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/stargazers
1 watching	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/watchers
0 forks	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/forks
Report repository	https://github.com/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwsstriving%2Fwtfpython&report=wsstriving+%28user%29
Releases	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/releases
1 tags	https://github.com/wsstriving/wtfpython/tags
Packages 0	https://github.com/users/wsstriving/packages?repo_name=wtfpython
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Terms	https://docs.github.com/site-policy/github-terms/github-terms-of-service
Privacy	https://docs.github.com/site-policy/privacy-policies/github-privacy-statement
Security	https://github.com/security
Status	https://www.githubstatus.com/
Community	https://github.community/
Docs	https://docs.github.com/
Contact	https://support.github.com?tags=dotcom-footer

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