René's URL Explorer Experiment

Title: python-by-example/python-by-example.rst at master · vdt/python-by-example · GitHub

Open Graph Title: python-by-example/python-by-example.rst at master · vdt/python-by-example

X Title: python-by-example/python-by-example.rst at master · vdt/python-by-example

Description: Git repository for the "Python Language Features and Tricks You May Not Know Article" at http://sahandsaba.com/thirty-python-language-features-and-tricks-you-may-not-know.html - python-by-example/python-by-example.rst at master · vdt/python-by-example

Open Graph Description: Git repository for the "Python Language Features and Tricks You May Not Know Article" at http://sahandsaba.com/thirty-python-language-features-and-tricks-you-may-not-know.html - vdt/pyth...

X Description: Git repository for the "Python Language Features and Tricks You May Not Know Article" at http://sahandsaba.com/thirty-python-language-features-and-tricks-you-may-not-know.html - ...

Opengraph URL: https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst

X: @github

direct link

Domain: github.com

route-pattern	/:user_id/:repository/blob/name(/path)
route-controller	blob
route-action	show
fetch-nonce	v2:bb9ee8b0-0651-f590-a1f2-06497ea21284
current-catalog-service-hash	f3abb0cc802f3d7b95fc8762b94bdcb13bf39634c40c357301c4aa1d67a256fb
request-id	CA6E:C86CC:9CC3E6:E49426:6A4E17B6
html-safe-nonce	4e03431d22b3c96d191e8ed632fa4fddce0f17791aaa338a7ea34240120a1353
visitor-payload	eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJDQTZFOkM4NkNDOjlDQzNFNjpFNDk0MjY6NkE0RTE3QjYiLCJ2aXNpdG9yX2lkIjoiNDgyNTEyNjM0NDEzMDk1OTI4NiIsInJlZ2lvbl9lZGdlIjoiaWFkIiwicmVnaW9uX3JlbmRlciI6ImlhZCJ9
visitor-hmac	81baa6089604ef50cc7a2032263fb4f7bc645dfe001924a6e5b208ea7211fa13
hovercard-subject-tag	repository:101191720
github-keyboard-shortcuts	repository,source-code,file-tree,copilot
google-site-verification	Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I
octolytics-url	https://collector.github.com/github/collect
analytics-location	///blob/show
fb:app_id	1401488693436528
apple-itunes-app	app-id=1477376905, app-argument=https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst
twitter:image	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/9bbdb8181f8927b869527fce2a4964f3dd065e4fbd9c020ef21154bb2d3ae1cf/vdt/python-by-example
twitter:card	summary_large_image
og:image	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/9bbdb8181f8927b869527fce2a4964f3dd065e4fbd9c020ef21154bb2d3ae1cf/vdt/python-by-example
og:image:alt	Git repository for the "Python Language Features and Tricks You May Not Know Article" at http://sahandsaba.com/thirty-python-language-features-and-tricks-you-may-not-know.html - vdt/pyth...
og:image:width	1200
og:image:height	600
og:site_name	GitHub
og:type	object
hostname	github.com
expected-hostname	github.com
None	030096ee0db095447bfe77409d33bfac127ca7128299c58deef27c52eaa1b1f0
turbo-cache-control	no-cache
go-import	github.com/vdt/python-by-example git https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example.git
octolytics-dimension-user_id	1792491
octolytics-dimension-user_login	vdt
octolytics-dimension-repository_id	101191720
octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo	vdt/python-by-example
octolytics-dimension-repository_public	true
octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork	true
octolytics-dimension-repository_parent_id	17758943
octolytics-dimension-repository_parent_nwo	sahands/python-by-example
octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id	17758943
octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo	sahands/python-by-example
turbo-body-classes	logged-out env-production page-responsive
disable-turbo	false
browser-stats-url	https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats
browser-errors-url	https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors
release	ea9187571e3edc5f2780f750631138669441ca50
ui-target	full
theme-color	#1e2327
color-scheme	light dark

Links:

Skip to content	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#start-of-content
	https://github.com/
Sign in	https://github.com/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fvdt%2Fpython-by-example%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fpython-by-example.rst
GitHub CopilotWrite better code with AI	https://github.com/features/copilot
GitHub Copilot appDirect agents from issue to merge	https://github.com/features/ai/github-app
MCP RegistryNewIntegrate external tools	https://github.com/mcp
ActionsAutomate any workflow	https://github.com/features/actions
CodespacesInstant dev environments	https://github.com/features/codespaces
IssuesPlan and track work	https://github.com/features/issues
Code ReviewManage code changes	https://github.com/features/code-review
GitHub Advanced SecurityFind and fix vulnerabilities	https://github.com/security/advanced-security
Code securitySecure your code as you build	https://github.com/security/advanced-security/code-security
Secret protectionStop leaks before they start	https://github.com/security/advanced-security/secret-protection
Why GitHub	https://github.com/why-github
Documentation	https://docs.github.com
Blog	https://github.blog
Changelog	https://github.blog/changelog
Marketplace	https://github.com/marketplace
View all features	https://github.com/features
Enterprises	https://github.com/enterprise
Small and medium teams	https://github.com/team
Startups	https://github.com/enterprise/startups
Nonprofits	https://github.com/solutions/industry/nonprofits
App Modernization	https://github.com/solutions/use-case/app-modernization
DevSecOps	https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devsecops
DevOps	https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devops
CI/CD	https://github.com/solutions/use-case/ci-cd
View all use cases	https://github.com/solutions/use-case
Healthcare	https://github.com/solutions/industry/healthcare
Financial services	https://github.com/solutions/industry/financial-services
Manufacturing	https://github.com/solutions/industry/manufacturing
Government	https://github.com/solutions/industry/government
View all industries	https://github.com/solutions/industry
View all solutions	https://github.com/solutions
AI	https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=ai
Software Development	https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=software-development
DevOps	https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=devops
Security	https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=security
View all topics	https://github.com/resources/articles
Customer stories	https://github.com/customer-stories
Events & webinars	https://github.com/resources/events
Ebooks & reports	https://github.com/resources/whitepapers
Business insights	https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights
GitHub Skills	https://skills.github.com
Documentation	https://docs.github.com
Customer support	https://support.github.com
Community forum	https://github.com/orgs/community/discussions
Trust center	https://github.com/trust-center
Partners	https://github.com/partners
View all resources	https://github.com/resources
GitHub SponsorsFund open source developers	https://github.com/sponsors
Security Lab	https://securitylab.github.com
Maintainer Community	https://maintainers.github.com
Accelerator	https://github.com/accelerator
GitHub Stars	https://stars.github.com
Archive Program	https://archiveprogram.github.com
Topics	https://github.com/topics
Trending	https://github.com/trending
Collections	https://github.com/collections
Enterprise platformAI-powered developer platform	https://github.com/enterprise
GitHub Advanced SecurityEnterprise-grade security features	https://github.com/security/advanced-security
Copilot for BusinessEnterprise-grade AI features	https://github.com/features/copilot/copilot-business
Premium SupportEnterprise-grade 24/7 support	https://github.com/premium-support
Pricing	https://github.com/pricing
Search syntax tips	https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax
documentation	https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax
Sign in	https://github.com/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fvdt%2Fpython-by-example%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fpython-by-example.rst
Sign up	https://github.com/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&ref_loc=header+logged+out&ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E%2Fblob%2Fshow&source=header-repo&source_repo=vdt%2Fpython-by-example
Reload	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst
Reload	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst
Reload	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst
vdt	https://github.com/vdt
python-by-example	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example
sahands/python-by-example	https://github.com/sahands/python-by-example
Notifications	https://github.com/login?return_to=%2Fvdt%2Fpython-by-example
Fork 0	https://github.com/login?return_to=%2Fvdt%2Fpython-by-example
Star 0	https://github.com/login?return_to=%2Fvdt%2Fpython-by-example
Code	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example
Pull requests 0	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/pulls
Actions	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/actions
Projects	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/projects
Wiki	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/wiki
Security and quality 0	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/security
Insights	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/pulse
Code	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example
Pull requests	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/pulls
Actions	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/actions
Projects	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/projects
Wiki	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/wiki
Security and quality	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/security
Insights	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/pulse
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example
python-by-example	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/tree/master
History	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/commits/master/python-by-example.rst
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/commits/master/python-by-example.rst
python-by-example	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/tree/master
Raw	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/raw/refs/heads/master/python-by-example.rst
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#30-python-language-features-and-tricks-you-may-not-know-about
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#1introduction
table of contents	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#table-of-contents
Roy Keyes	http://roycoding.github.io
https://github.com/sahands/python-by-example	https://github.com/sahands/python-by-example
http://redd.it/1zv3q3	http://redd.it/1zv3q3
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7365410	https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7365410
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#11unpacking
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#12unpacking-for-swapping-variables
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#13extended-unpacking-python-3-only
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#14negative-indexing
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#15list-slices-astartend
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#16list-slices-with-negative-indexing
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#17list-slices-with-step-astartendstep
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#18list-slices-with-negative-step
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#19list-slice-assignment
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#110naming-slices-slicestart-end-step
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#111iterating-over-list-index-and-value-pairs-enumerate
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#112iterating-over-dictionary-key-and-value-pairs-dictiteritems
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#113zipping-and-unzipping-lists-and-iterables
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#114grouping-adjacent-list-items-using-zip
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#115sliding-windows-n-grams-using-zip-and-iterators
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#116inverting-a-dictionary-using-zip
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#117flattening-lists
documentation	http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/functions.html#sum
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#118generator-expressions
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#119dictionary-comprehensions
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#120inverting-a-dictionary-using-a-dictionary-comprehension
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#121named-tuples-collectionsnamedtuple
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#122inheriting-from-named-tuples
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#123sets-and-set-operations
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#124multisets-and-multiset-operations-collectionscounter
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#125most-common-elements-in-an-iterable-collectionscounter
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#126double-ended-queue-collectionsdeque
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#127double-ended-queue-with-maximum-length-collectionsdeque
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#128ordered-dictionaries-collectionsordereddict
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#129default-dictionaries-collectionsdefaultdict
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#130using-default-dictionaries-to-represent-simple-trees
https://gist.github.com/hrldcpr/2012250	https://gist.github.com/hrldcpr/2012250
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#131mapping-objects-to-unique-counting-numbers-collectionsdefaultdict
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#132largest-and-smallest-elements-heapqnlargest-and-heapqnsmallest
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#133cartesian-products-itertoolsproduct
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#134combinations-and-combinations-with-replacement-itertoolscombinations-and-itertoolscombinations_with_replacement
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#135permutations-itertoolspermutations
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#136chaining-iterables-itertoolschain
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#137grouping-rows-by-a-given-key-itertoolsgroupby
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#138start-a-static-http-server-in-any-directory
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#139learn-the-zen-of-python
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#140use-c-style-braces-instead-of-indentation-to-denote-scopes
	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#2table-of-contents
1 Introduction	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#introduction
1.1 Unpacking	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#unpacking
1.2 Unpacking for swapping variables	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#unpacking-for-swapping-variables
1.3 Extended unpacking (Python 3 only)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#extended-unpacking-python-3-only
1.4 Negative indexing	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#negative-indexing
1.5 List slices (a[start:end])	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#list-slices-a-start-end
1.6 List slices with negative indexing	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#list-slices-with-negative-indexing
1.7 List slices with step (a[start:end:step])	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#list-slices-with-step-a-start-end-step
1.8 List slices with negative step	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#list-slices-with-negative-step
1.9 List slice assignment	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#list-slice-assignment
1.10 Naming slices (slice(start, end, step))	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#naming-slices-slice-start-end-step
1.11 Iterating over list index and value pairs (enumerate)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#iterating-over-list-index-and-value-pairs-enumerate
1.12 Iterating over dictionary key and value pairs (dict.iteritems)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#iterating-over-dictionary-key-and-value-pairs-dict-iteritems
1.13 Zipping and unzipping lists and iterables	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#zipping-and-unzipping-lists-and-iterables
1.14 Grouping adjacent list items using zip	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#grouping-adjacent-list-items-using-zip
1.15 Sliding windows (n-grams) using zip and iterators	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#sliding-windows-n-grams-using-zip-and-iterators
1.16 Inverting a dictionary using zip	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#inverting-a-dictionary-using-zip
1.17 Flattening lists:	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#flattening-lists
1.18 Generator expressions	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#generator-expressions
1.19 Dictionary comprehensions	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#dictionary-comprehensions
1.20 Inverting a dictionary using a dictionary comprehension	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#inverting-a-dictionary-using-a-dictionary-comprehension
1.21 Named tuples (collections.namedtuple)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#named-tuples-collections-namedtuple
1.22 Inheriting from named tuples:	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#inheriting-from-named-tuples
1.23 Sets and set operations	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#sets-and-set-operations
1.24 Multisets and multiset operations (collections.Counter)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#multisets-and-multiset-operations-collections-counter
1.25 Most common elements in an iterable (collections.Counter)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#most-common-elements-in-an-iterable-collections-counter
1.26 Double-ended queue (collections.deque)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#double-ended-queue-collections-deque
1.27 Double-ended queue with maximum length (collections.deque)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#double-ended-queue-with-maximum-length-collections-deque
1.28 Ordered dictionaries (collections.OrderedDict)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#ordered-dictionaries-collections-ordereddict
1.29 Default dictionaries (collections.defaultdict)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#default-dictionaries-collections-defaultdict
1.30 Using default dictionaries to represent simple trees	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#using-default-dictionaries-to-represent-simple-trees
1.31 Mapping objects to unique counting numbers (collections.defaultdict)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#mapping-objects-to-unique-counting-numbers-collections-defaultdict
1.32 Largest and smallest elements (heapq.nlargest and heapq.nsmallest)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#largest-and-smallest-elements-heapq-nlargest-and-heapq-nsmallest
1.33 Cartesian products (itertools.product)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#cartesian-products-itertools-product
1.34 Combinations and combinations with replacement (itertools.combinations and itertools.combinations_with_replacement)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#combinations-and-combinations-with-replacement-itertools-combinations-and-itertools-combinations-with-replacement
1.35 Permutations (itertools.permutations)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#permutations-itertools-permutations
1.36 Chaining iterables (itertools.chain)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#chaining-iterables-itertools-chain
1.37 Grouping rows by a given key (itertools.groupby)	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#grouping-rows-by-a-given-key-itertools-groupby
1.38 Start a static HTTP server in any directory	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#start-a-static-http-server-in-any-directory
1.39 Learn the Zen of Python	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#learn-the-zen-of-python
1.40 Use C-Style Braces Instead of Indentation to Denote Scopes	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#use-c-style-braces-instead-of-indentation-to-denote-scopes
2 Table of contents	https://github.com/vdt/python-by-example/blob/master/python-by-example.rst#id1
	https://github.com
Terms	https://docs.github.com/site-policy/github-terms/github-terms-of-service
Privacy	https://docs.github.com/site-policy/privacy-policies/github-privacy-statement
Security	https://github.com/security
Status	https://www.githubstatus.com/
Community	https://github.community/
Docs	https://docs.github.com/
Contact	https://support.github.com?tags=dotcom-footer

Viewport: width=device-width

URLs of crawlers that visited me.