| Jump to content | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#bodyContent |
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| Special pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages |
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Search
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search |
| Donate | https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en |
| Create account | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=WebAuthn |
| Log in | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=WebAuthn |
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Donate | https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en |
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Create account | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=WebAuthn |
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Log in | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=WebAuthn |
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(Top)
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
|
1
Background
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Background |
|
2
Reasons for its design and standardization
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Reasons_for_its_design_and_standardization |
|
3
Passkey branding
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Passkey_branding |
|
4
Overview
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Overview |
|
4.1
Authentication
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Authentication |
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4.2
Registration
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Registration |
|
5
Support
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Support |
|
6
API
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#API |
|
7
Reception
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#Reception |
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8
In the media
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#In_the_media |
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9
See also
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#See_also |
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10
References
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#References |
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11
External links
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#External_links |
| العربية | https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86 |
| Català | https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Čeština | https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Deutsch | https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Español | https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Suomi | https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Français | https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Bahasa Indonesia | https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| 日本語 | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| 한국어 | https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Português | https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| ไทย | https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99 |
| Türkçe | https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Українська | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| 中文 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Edit links | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55637499#sitelinks-wikipedia |
| Article | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Talk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:WebAuthn |
| Read | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
| Edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit |
| View history | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=history |
|
Read | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn |
|
Edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit |
|
View history | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=history |
| What links here | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/WebAuthn |
| Related changes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/WebAuthn |
| Upload file | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard |
| Permanent link | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&oldid=1356861755 |
| Page information | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=info |
| Cite this page | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=WebAuthn&id=1356861755&wpFormIdentifier=titleform |
| Get shortened URL | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWebAuthn |
| Download as PDF | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=WebAuthn&action=show-download-screen |
| Printable version | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&printable=yes |
| Wikimedia Commons | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:WebAuthn |
| Wikidata item | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55637499 |
| Authentication § In computer science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication#In_computer_science |
| help improve it | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit |
| make it understandable to non-experts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable |
| Learn how and when to remove this message | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WebAuthn_Color_Logo.svg |
| FIDO2 Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO2_Project |
| FIDO Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance |
| W3C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| Web Authentication Working Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group |
| File API | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_File_API |
| Authentication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication |
| web standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standard |
| World Wide Web Consortium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1-1 |
| [2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-2 |
| [3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-3 |
| API | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
| authenticate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication#In_computer_science |
| [4] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-4 |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-docsrs-webauthnrs-5 |
| password | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password |
| digital signatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signatures |
| [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-imperialviolet-webauthn-6 |
| [7] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-arstechnica-not-usable-7 |
| keys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_key |
| operating system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system |
| Android | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system) |
| Apple Keychain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Keychain |
| Windows Hello | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Hello |
| TEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_execution_environment |
| TPM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module |
| USB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Bluetooth Low Energy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy |
| near-field communications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communications |
| smartphones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphones |
| security keys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_token |
| FIDO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance |
| Universal 2nd Factor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor |
| CTAP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTAP |
| [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-8 |
| Password managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_manager |
| [9] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-9 |
| [10] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-Corbado-HybridTransport-10 |
| phishing attacks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing |
| [11] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-11 |
| same website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-origin_policy |
| passwordless | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passwordless_authentication |
| [12] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-12 |
| W3C Recommendations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_recommendation |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1-1 |
| [13] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-announce-13 |
| [14] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-2-14 |
| [15] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-3-15 |
| FIDO2 Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance#FIDO2 |
| FIDO Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance |
| [16] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-fido2-16 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=1 |
| [17] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-17 |
| [18] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-18 |
| PIN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_number |
| passcode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password |
| biometric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrics |
| face | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_system |
| [19] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-19 |
| cryptographic key material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography |
| smartphone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=2 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=3 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bitwarden_Passkey_window_screenshot.png |
| Bitwarden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwarden |
| Pixiv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixiv |
| de facto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto |
| non-technical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_language |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-docsrs-webauthnrs-5 |
| [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-imperialviolet-webauthn-6 |
| [7] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-arstechnica-not-usable-7 |
| [20] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-20 |
| [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-21 |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-docsrs-webauthnrs-5 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=4 |
| website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website |
| web browser | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1-1 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=5 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passwordless_Web_Authentication.svg |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_Credential_Manager_Conditional_UI_on_Android_screenshot_(cropped).webp |
| cryptographic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography |
| public-key cryptography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography#Public-key_cryptography |
| facial recognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_system |
| [22] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-22 |
| JavaScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript |
| API | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API |
| Client to Authenticator Protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_to_Authenticator_Protocol |
| [23] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-FIDO-CTAP-23 |
| USB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Bluetooth Low Energy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy |
| near-field communications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communications |
| Windows Hello | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Hello |
| [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-24 |
| Android operating system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system) |
| [25] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-25 |
| [10] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-Corbado-HybridTransport-10 |
| [26] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-26 |
| [27] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-27 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=6 |
| [28] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-28 |
| [29] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-29 |
| [30] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-30 |
| trust on first use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_on_first_use |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=7 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bitwarden_Desktop_2025.7.0_with_passkey_support_screenshot.webp |
| Bitwarden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwarden |
| Web Authentication Working Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1-1 |
| [13] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-announce-13 |
| [31] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-31 |
| Google Chrome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome |
| Mozilla Firefox | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox |
| Microsoft Edge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Edge |
| Apple Safari | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser) |
| [13] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-announce-13 |
| Opera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser) |
| [32] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-32 |
| [33] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-chrome-support-33 |
| [34] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-34 |
| Windows Insider | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Insider |
| Windows Hello | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Hello |
| [35] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-35 |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1-1 |
| authenticators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticator |
| Security Key | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YubiKey |
| [36] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-36 |
| [37] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-37 |
| [38] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-38 |
| [39] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-39 |
| Dropbox | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox |
| [40] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-40 |
| Apple | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. |
| Face ID | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_ID |
| Touch ID | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_ID |
| Safari | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser) |
| [41] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-41 |
| password managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_manager |
| Bitwarden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwarden |
| Dashlane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashlane |
| [42] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-42 |
| [43] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-43 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=8 |
| Credential Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential_Management |
| API | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface |
| websites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website |
| web browsers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser |
| [44] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-44 |
| [45] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-45 |
| JavaScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript |
| authenticators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticator |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=9 |
| exploits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security) |
| [46] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-paragon-blog-46 |
| COSE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBOR_Object_Signing_and_Encryption |
| RFC 8152 | https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8152 |
| RSA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem) |
| PKCS1v1.5 padding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_1 |
| specific attacks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack |
| asymmetric cryptographic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography |
| ECDAA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ECDAA&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| [47] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-ecdaa-spec-47 |
| direct anonymous attestation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Anonymous_Attestation |
| elliptic curves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve |
| elliptic curve cryptography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic-curve_cryptography |
| backwards compatibility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility |
| [48] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-48 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=10 |
| Troy Hunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Hunt |
| [49] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-troyhunt-49 |
| [49] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-troyhunt-49 |
| [7] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-arstechnica-not-usable-7 |
| Bruce Davie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Davie |
| public key cryptography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_cryptography |
| [50] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_note-50 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=11 |
| FIDO Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance |
| ssh-keygen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssh-keygen |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=12 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1_1-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1_1-1 |
| c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1_1-2 |
| d | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1_1-3 |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-1_1-4 |
| "Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials Level 1 (latest)" | https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-1/ |
| World Wide Web Consortium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190314015005/https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-1/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-2 |
| "Web Authentication Working Group" | https://www.w3.org/blog/webauthn/ |
| World Wide Web Consortium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20160515104033/https://www.w3.org/blog/webauthn/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-3 |
| "What is WebAuthn" | https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-techstuff-26941194/episode/what-is-webauthn-30705004/ |
| TechStuff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HowStuffWorks#TechStuff |
| iHeartMedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20210625115545/https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-techstuff-26941194/episode/what-is-webauthn-30705004/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-4 |
| "White Paper: Multi-Device FIDO Credentials" | https://fidoalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/How-FIDO-Addresses-a-Full-Range-of-Use-Cases-March24.pdf |
| FIDO Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20240616202812/https://fidoalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/How-FIDO-Addresses-a-Full-Range-of-Use-Cases-March24.pdf |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-docsrs-webauthnrs_5-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-docsrs-webauthnrs_5-1 |
| c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-docsrs-webauthnrs_5-2 |
| "webauthn-rs docs" | https://web.archive.org/web/20250612151121/https://docs.rs/webauthn-rs/latest/webauthn_rs/#what-is-a-passkey |
| the original | https://docs.rs/webauthn-rs/latest/webauthn_rs/#what-is-a-passkey |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-imperialviolet-webauthn_6-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-imperialviolet-webauthn_6-1 |
| "A Tour of WebAuthn" | https://www.imperialviolet.org/tourofwebauthn/tourofwebauthn.html |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-arstechnica-not-usable_7-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-arstechnica-not-usable_7-1 |
| c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-arstechnica-not-usable_7-2 |
| "Passkey technology is elegant, but it's most definitely not usable security" | https://arstechnica.com/security/2024/12/passkey-technology-is-elegant-but-its-most-definitely-not-usable-security/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20250703130434/https://arstechnica.com/security/2024/12/passkey-technology-is-elegant-but-its-most-definitely-not-usable-security/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-8 |
| "WebAuthn / CTAP: Modern Authentication" | https://www.w3.org/Security/201812-Auth-ID/05_-_Day_1_-_Understanding_WebAuthn,_CTAP,_EAT,_FIDO_and_Authenticators.pdf |
| World Wide Web Consortium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20201204162731/https://www.w3.org/Security/201812-Auth-ID/05_-_Day_1_-_Understanding_WebAuthn,_CTAP,_EAT,_FIDO_and_Authenticators.pdf |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-9 |
| "Will Passkeys Kill Password Managers?" | https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-vs-password-managers |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-Corbado-HybridTransport_10-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-Corbado-HybridTransport_10-1 |
| "WebAuthn Passkey QR Codes & Bluetooth: Hybrid Transport" | https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-passkey-qr-code |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-11 |
| "Google: Phishing Attacks That Can Beat Two-Factor Are on the Rise" | https://www.pcmag.com/news/367026/google-phishing-attacks-that-can-beat-two-factor-are-on-the |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035745/https://www.pcmag.com/news/367026/google-phishing-attacks-that-can-beat-two-factor-are-on-the |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-12 |
| "Practical passwordless authentication comes a step closer with WebAuthn" | https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/practical-passwordless-authentication-comes-a-step-closer-with-webauthn/ |
| Ars Technica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20250101102456/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/practical-passwordless-authentication-comes-a-step-closer-with-webauthn/ |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-announce_13-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-announce_13-1 |
| c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-announce_13-2 |
| "W3C and FIDO Alliance Finalize Web Standard for Secure, Passwordless Logins" | https://www.w3.org/2019/03/pressrelease-webauthn-rec.html.en |
| World Wide Web Consortium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190304132257/https://www.w3.org/2019/03/pressrelease-webauthn-rec.html.en |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-2_14-0 |
| "Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials Level 2" | https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-2/ |
| World Wide Web Consortium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190604093843/https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-2/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-W3C-WebAuthn-Level-3_15-0 |
| "Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials Level 3" | https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-3/ |
| World Wide Web Consortium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20220225104428/https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn-3/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-fido2_16-0 |
| "FIDO2 Project" | https://fidoalliance.org/fido2/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180422033243/https://fidoalliance.org/fido2/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-17 |
| "User Presence vs User Verification" | https://developers.yubico.com/WebAuthn/WebAuthn_Developer_Guide/User_Presence_vs_User_Verification.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20240219035634/https://developers.yubico.com/WebAuthn/WebAuthn_Developer_Guide/User_Presence_vs_User_Verification.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-18 |
| "FIDO Registry of Predefined Values" | https://fidoalliance.org/specs/fido-v2.0-rd-20180702/fido-registry-v2.0-rd-20180702.html#user-verification-methods |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20201204162752/https://fidoalliance.org/specs/fido-v2.0-rd-20180702/fido-registry-v2.0-rd-20180702.html#user-verification-methods |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-19 |
| "Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials Level 1 § Terminology: User Verification" | https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn/Overview.html#user-verification |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20170607122711/https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn/Overview.html#user-verification |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-20 |
| "WWDC 2022: Apple announces Passkey feature to eliminate passwords across platforms" | https://www.zdnet.com/article/wwdc-2022-apple-announces-passkey-feature/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20230606212207/https://www.zdnet.com/article/wwdc-2022-apple-announces-passkey-feature/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-21 |
| "Reminder: passkeys are not just from Apple" | https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/5/23293643/apple-passkeys-fido-alliance-passwordless-google-microsoft |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20230924231545/https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/5/23293643/apple-passkeys-fido-alliance-passwordless-google-microsoft |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-22 |
| "Web Authentication API" | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API |
| Mozilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla |
| Authentication | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API#Authentication |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20201128172824/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-FIDO-CTAP_23-0 |
| "Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP)" | https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081859/https://fidoalliance.org/specs/fido-v2.0-ps-20190130-pub/fido-client-to-authenticator-protocol-v2.0-ps-20190130.html |
| the original | https://fidoalliance.org/specs/fido-v2.0-ps-20190130-pub/fido-client-to-authenticator-protocol-v2.0-ps-20190130.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-24 |
| "Secure password-less sign-in for your Microsoft account using a security key or Windows Hello" | https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2018/11/20/sign-in-to-your-microsoft-account-without-a-password-using-windows-hello-or-a-security-key/ |
| Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-25 |
| "Android Now FIDO2 Certified, Accelerating Global Migration Beyond Passwords" | https://fidoalliance.org/android-now-fido2-certified-accelerating-global-migration-beyond-passwords/ |
| FIDO Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054402/https://fidoalliance.org/android-now-fido2-certified-accelerating-global-migration-beyond-passwords/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-26 |
| "Touch ID and Beyond: Duo's Plans for WebAuthn" | https://duo.com/blog/touchid-webauthn |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20200321174132/https://duo.com/blog/touchid-webauthn |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-27 |
| "How WebAuthn aims to solve the password problem" | https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2019/02/27/webauthn-solve-password-problem/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20200928210027/https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2019/02/27/webauthn-solve-password-problem/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-28 |
| "Web Authentication API" | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API |
| Mozilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla |
| Registration | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API#Registration |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20201128172824/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-29 |
| "Attestation and Assertion - Web APIs" | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API/Attestation_and_Assertion |
| MDN Web Docs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDN_Web_Docs |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-30 |
| "Metadata Service" | https://fidoalliance.org/metadata/ |
| FIDO Alliance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-31 |
| "W3C Approves WebAuthn as the Web Standard for Password-Free Logins" | https://venturebeat.com/2019/03/04/w3c-approves-webauthn-as-the-web-standard-for-password-free-logins/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190304160032/https://venturebeat.com/2019/03/04/w3c-approves-webauthn-as-the-web-standard-for-password-free-logins/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-32 |
| "Can I use Web Authentication API?" | https://caniuse.com/#feat=webauthn |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180219074228/https://caniuse.com/#feat=webauthn |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-chrome-support_33-0 |
| "Enabling Strong Authentication with WebAuthn" | https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/05/webauthn |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180904204546/https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/05/webauthn |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-34 |
| "Firefox moves browsers into post-password future with WebAuthn tech" | https://www.cnet.com/news/firefox-moves-browsers-into-the-post-password-future-with-webauthn/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112654/https://www.cnet.com/news/firefox-moves-browsers-into-the-post-password-future-with-webauthn/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-35 |
| "Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 17682" | https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2018/05/31/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-17682/#oHYCS0GkF95OMzKH.97 |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190407194514/https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2018/05/31/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-17682/#oHYCS0GkF95OMzKH.97 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-36 |
| "Yubico Launches New Developer Program and Security Key for FIDO2 and WebAuthn W3C Specifications" | https://www.yubico.com/press-releases/280530/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085439/https://www.yubico.com/press-releases/280530/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-37 |
| "Make Passwords a Thing of the Past, FIDO2 Is Now Available on Trezor Model T" | https://medium.com/trezor-security-blog/make-passwords-a-thing-of-the-past-a402745750dc |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-38 |
| "eWBM: eWBM's Goldengate Fingerprint Reader is First to Get FIDO L2 Certification" | https://web.archive.org/web/20200101151355/https://www.ewbm.com/press/pr2/ |
| the original | https://www.ewbm.com/press/pr2/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-39 |
| "Mobile ID World, Alex Perala: eWBM's Goldengate Fingerprint Reader is First to Get FIDO L2 Certification" | https://mobileidworld.com/ewbm-goldengate-fingerprint-reader-fido-l2-certification-804084/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20200812130916/https://mobileidworld.com/ewbm-goldengate-fingerprint-reader-fido-l2-certification-804084/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-40 |
| "Introducing WebAuthn support for secure Dropbox sign in" | https://blogs.dropbox.com/tech/2018/05/introducing-webauthn-support-for-secure-dropbox-sign-in/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112811/https://blogs.dropbox.com/tech/2018/05/introducing-webauthn-support-for-secure-dropbox-sign-in/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-41 |
| "Safari 14 Release Notes" | https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safari-release-notes/safari-14-release-notes |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20210514183054/https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safari-release-notes/safari-14-release-notes |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-42 |
| "Bitwarden begins adding passkey support to its password manager" | https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/2/23943173/bitwarden-passkey-support-released-browser-extension |
| The Verge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20250717030741/https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/2/23943173/bitwarden-passkey-support-released-browser-extension |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-43 |
| "These Are the Services Seeing the Biggest Uptick in Passkey Adoption" | https://uk.pcmag.com/password-managers/153627/these-are-the-services-seeing-the-biggest-uptick-in-passkey-adoption |
| PC Magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20241108214849/https://uk.pcmag.com/password-managers/153627/these-are-the-services-seeing-the-biggest-uptick-in-passkey-adoption |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-44 |
| "Web Authentication API" | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API |
| Mozilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20201128172824/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-45 |
| "Introduction to WebAuthn API" | https://medium.com/@herrjemand/introduction-to-webauthn-api-5fd1fb46c285 |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190329183504/https://medium.com/@herrjemand/introduction-to-webauthn-api-5fd1fb46c285 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-paragon-blog_46-0 |
| "Security Concerns Surrounding WebAuthn: Don't Implement ECDAA (Yet)" | https://paragonie.com/blog/2018/08/security-concerns-surrounding-webauthn-don-t-implement-ecdaa-yet |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011257/https://paragonie.com/blog/2018/08/security-concerns-surrounding-webauthn-don-t-implement-ecdaa-yet |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-ecdaa-spec_47-0 |
| "FIDO ECDAA Algorithm" | https://fidoalliance.org/specs/fido-v2.0-id-20180227/fido-ecdaa-algorithm-v2.0-id-20180227.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-48 |
| "Remove ECDAA? · Issue #1410 · w3c/webauthn" | https://github.com/w3c/webauthn/issues/1410 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-troyhunt_49-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-troyhunt_49-1 |
| "Passkeys for Normal People" | https://www.troyhunt.com/passkeys-for-normal-people/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20250513190543/https://www.troyhunt.com/passkeys-for-normal-people/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn#cite_ref-50 |
| "Will passkeys ever replace passwords? Can they?" | https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/17/passkeys_passwords/ |
| The Register | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20250725180037/https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/17/passkeys_passwords/ |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAuthn&action=edit§ion=13 |
| Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials | https://www.w3.org/TR/webauthn/ |
| Web Authentication Working Group | https://www.w3.org/Webauthn/ |
| Web Authentication API on MDN | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Authentication_API |
| WebAuthn Awesome | https://github.com/herrjemand/awesome-webauthn |
| About passkeys | https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/authenticating-with-a-passkey/about-passkeys |
| A Tour of WebAuthn | https://www.imperialviolet.org/tourofwebauthn/tourofwebauthn.html |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Web_interfaces |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Web_interfaces |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_interfaces |
| Web interfaces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_API |
| Server-side | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side |
| Protocols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol |
| HTTP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP |
| v2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2 |
| v3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3 |
| Encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS |
| WebDAV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV |
| CGI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface |
| SCGI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface |
| FCGI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastCGI |
| AJP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_JServ_Protocol |
| WSRP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets |
| WebSocket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket |
| Server APIs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface |
| C NSAPI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface |
| C ASAPI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview |
| C ISAPI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface |
| COM ASP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Server_Pages |
| Jakarta Servlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet |
| container | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_container |
| CLI OWIN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Web_Interface_for_.NET |
| ASP.NET Handler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_handler |
| Python WSGI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface |
| Python ASGI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface |
| Ruby Rack | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface) |
| JavaScript JSGI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSGI |
| Perl PSGI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plack_(software)#PSGI |
| Portlet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification |
| container | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification |
| Apache modules | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules |
| mod_include | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Side_Includes |
| mod_jk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_jk |
| mod_lisp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_lisp |
| mod_mono | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_mono |
| mod_parrot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_parrot |
| mod_perl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_perl |
| mod_php | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP |
| mod_proxy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_proxy |
| mod_python | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_python |
| mod_wsgi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_wsgi |
| mod_ruby | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_ruby |
| Phusion Passenger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phusion_Passenger |
| Web service | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service |
| Web resource | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_resource |
| WOA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture |
| ROA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture |
| Open API | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_API |
| Webhook | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webhook |
| Application server | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_server |
| comparison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_application_servers |
| Scripting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scripting |
| Client-side | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-side |
| Browser APIs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing) |
| C NPAPI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI |
| LiveConnect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI#LiveConnect |
| XPConnect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect |
| C NPRuntime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI#NPRuntime |
| C PPAPI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client#Pepper |
| NaCl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client |
| ActiveX | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX |
| BHO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object |
| XBAP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications |
| Web APIs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_API#Client_side |
| WHATWG | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHATWG |
| Audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_audio |
| Canvas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_element |
| DOM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model |
| SSE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-sent_events |
| Video | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_video |
| WebSockets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket |
| Web messaging | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Messaging |
| Web storage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_storage |
| Web worker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_worker |
| XMLHttpRequest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLHttpRequest |
| W3C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
| DOM events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOM_event |
| EME | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions |
| File | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_File_API |
| Geolocation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API |
| IndexedDB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndexedDB |
| MSE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions |
| SVG | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVG |
| WebAssembly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAssembly |
| WebGPU | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGPU |
| WebRTC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC |
| WebXR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebXR |
| Khronos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khronos_Group |
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