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Title: Quantum computing - Wikipedia

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(Top) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing
1 History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#History
2 Quantum information processing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_information_processing
2.1 Quantum information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_information
2.2 Unitary operators https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Unitary_operators
2.3 Quantum parallelism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_parallelism
2.4 Quantum programming https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_programming
2.4.1 Gate array https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Gate_array
2.4.2 Measurement-based quantum computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Measurement-based_quantum_computing
2.4.3 Adiabatic quantum computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Adiabatic_quantum_computing
2.4.4 Neuromorphic quantum computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Neuromorphic_quantum_computing
2.4.5 Topological quantum computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Topological_quantum_computing
2.4.6 Quantum Turing machine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_Turing_machine
2.4.7 Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_computing
2.4.8 Quantum cryptography and cybersecurity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_cryptography_and_cybersecurity
3 Communication https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Communication
4 Algorithms https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Algorithms
4.1 Simulation of quantum systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Simulation_of_quantum_systems
4.2 Post-quantum cryptography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Post-quantum_cryptography
4.3 Search problems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Search_problems
4.4 Quantum annealing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_annealing
4.5 Machine learning https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Machine_learning
5 Engineering https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Engineering
5.1 Challenges https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Challenges
5.1.1 Decoherence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Decoherence
5.2 Quantum supremacy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Quantum_supremacy
5.3 Skepticism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Skepticism
5.4 Physical realizations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Physical_realizations
6 Potential applications https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Potential_applications
7 Theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Theory
7.1 Computability https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Computability
7.2 Complexity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Complexity
8 See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#See_also
9 Notes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Notes
10 References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#References
11 Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Sources
12 Further reading https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Further_reading
12.1 Textbooks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Textbooks
12.2 Academic papers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#Academic_papers
13 External links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#External_links
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classical mechanical devicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine
exponentiallyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth
break some widely used public-key cryptographic schemeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography
physical simulationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_simulator
unit of informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_information
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[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermin20071-1
binaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number
linear combinationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination
quantum superpositionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition
measuringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics
probabilistic rulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule
wave interferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_interference
quantum algorithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithms
isolatedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system
quantum decoherencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence
noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(signal_processing)
superconductorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing
electrical currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_current
electrical resistancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance
ion trapshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_ion_quantum_computer
atomic particlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom
electromagnetic fieldshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fields
quantum supremacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_supremacy
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=1
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quantum mechanicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics
computer sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science
[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaronson2013132-2
Modern quantum theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_quantum_theory
[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Zwiebach2022-3
[4]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-4
digital computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computers
human computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_computers
[5]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-5
World War IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
wartime cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography
[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-6
nuclear physicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics
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[7]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-7
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bitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit
qubitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubits
Paul Benioffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Benioff
quantum Turing machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine
[8]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-The_computer_as_a_physical_system-8
exponentialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_time
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[9]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-9
Yuri Maninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Manin
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[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-manin1980vychislimoe-10
[11]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-11
[12]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010214-12
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Gilles Brassardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Brassard
cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography
information securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security
[13]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-bb84-13
[14]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-personal-14
Quantum algorithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithm
oracle problemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_machine
Deutsch's algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch%27s_algorithm
[15]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-15
Bernstein–Vazirani algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Vazirani_algorithm
[16]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-16
Simon's algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%27s_algorithm
[17]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-17
black boxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box
superpositionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition
[18]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201030-32-18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png
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[19]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShor1994-19
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[20]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-20
[21]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang20107-21
Seth Lloydhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Lloyd
[22]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-273.5278.1073-22
[23]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-23
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[24]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumblingHorowitz2019164–169-24
[25]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-25
[26]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-26
[24]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumblingHorowitz2019164–169-24
Google AIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AI
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quantum supremacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_supremacy
[27]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-27
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-1910.11333-28
[29]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-29
[30]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-30
IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
Summit supercomputerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_supercomputer
[31]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-31
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wave interferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_interference
program analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_analysis
Quantum programshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming
coherenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coherence
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Complex numbershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number
probability amplitudeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_amplitude
vectorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
quantum stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state
matriceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)
composinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition_(computer_science)
Charlie Bennetthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)
[32]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-32
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=3
qubithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit
quantum informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information
vector spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space
[33]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201013-33
[34]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermin200717-34
vectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
bra–ket notationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation
linear algebrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra
psihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_(Greek)
[a]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-36
probability amplitudeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_amplitude
complex numbershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_numbers
[34]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermin200717-34
quantum state vectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state_vector
probability vectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_vector
[36]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaronson2013110-37
measuredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_measurement
standard basishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_basis
Born rulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule
norm-squaredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm-squared
collapseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse
dimensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(vector_space)
state spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_space_(physics)
[35]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermin200718-35
tensor producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product
vector spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space
Bell statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_state
entangledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=4
Unitarity (physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarity_(physics)
quantum memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_memory
quantum logic gateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate
classical logic gateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate
matrixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)
matrix multiplicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_multiplication
controlled NOT (CNOT)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_NOT_gate
measurement can be deferredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_measurement_principle
quantum circuitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_circuit
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=5
[37]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201030–32-38
[38]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermin200738–39-39
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=6
Quantum programminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming
models of computationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_of_computation
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quantum_Toffoli_Gate_Implementation.svg
Toffoli gatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffoli_gate
more primitive gateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate
quantum gate arrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_circuit
quantum gateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gate
unitary matrixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrix
universal gate sethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate#Universal_quantum_gates
universal quantum computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantum_computer
Solovay-Kitaev theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovay%E2%80%93Kitaev_theorem
[39]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-40
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=8
measurement-based quantum computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement-based_quantum_computer
Bell state measurementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_state#Bell_state_measurement
quantum gateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gate
cluster statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_state
quantum gate teleportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gate_teleportation
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=9
adiabatic quantum computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_quantum_computation
quantum annealinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_annealing
Hamiltonianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)
[40]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Das_2008_1061–1081-41
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=10
neuromorphic computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering
von Neumann architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=11
topological quantum computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_quantum_computer
anyonshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon
[41]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Nayaketal2008-42
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=12
quantum Turing machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine
Turing machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine
[8]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-The_computer_as_a_physical_system-8
[42]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-quantum_circuits-43
one-way quantum computationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_quantum_computer
[43]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-44
[44]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-45
[45]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FLW02-46
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=13
threshold theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_theorem
[46]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010481-47
[47]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-preskill2018-48
NISQhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NISQ
noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(signal_processing)
[47]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-preskill2018-48
Harvardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University
[48]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-49
MIThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology
QuEra Computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuEra_Computing
Caltechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology
Princetonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University
DARPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA
[49]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-50
[50]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-51
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=14
Quantum cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography
[51]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Gisin-2002-52
[51]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Gisin-2002-52
post-quantum cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography
quantum key distributionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution
random number generationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation
[52]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Pirandola-53
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=15
Quantum information sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_science
Quantum cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography
quantum key distributionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution
cryptographic keyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_keys
[52]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Pirandola-53
adversaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversary_(cryptography)
[53]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-54
cryptographic protocolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_protocols
[13]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-bb84-13
[54]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-55
fiber-optic cableshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_cables
quantum networkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_networks
quantum sensinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_sensing
[55]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-56
[56]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-57
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=16
quantum algorithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithms
[42]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-quantum_circuits-43
quantum adiabatic algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_quantum_computation
[57]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-zoo-58
Shor's algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm
discrete logarithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm
Pell's equationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%27s_equation
hidden subgroup problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_subgroup_problem
abelianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group
[57]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-zoo-58
quantum Fourier transformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Fourier_transform
[58]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-59
Simon's problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%27s_problem
Bernstein–Vazirani problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Vazirani_algorithm
quantum query modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory#Quantum_query_complexity
Jones polynomialshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_polynomial
quantum algorithm for linear systems of equationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithm_for_linear_systems_of_equations
BQPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP
[59]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201042-60
[60]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreskill2018-61
Grover's algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm
amplitude amplificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_amplification
[57]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-zoo-58
[21]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang20107-21
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=17
Quantum simulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_simulation
quantum simulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_simulator
[61]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-62
colliderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider
[62]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-63
[63]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-NYT-20230614-64
[64]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-NAT-20230614-65
nitrogen fixationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
ammoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
Haber processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process
[65]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-66
[66]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-67
[67]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-68
[68]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-69
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=18
Post-quantum cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography
attackinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis
Integer factorizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization
public key cryptographichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_cryptography
classical computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
prime numbershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number
[69]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-70
[70]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010216-71
cryptographichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography
polynomial timehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_time
public key ciphershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_Algorithms
discrete logarithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm
RSAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)
Diffie–Hellmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman
elliptic curve Diffie–Hellmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman
[71]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-pqcrypto_survey-72
[72]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-73
McEliece cryptosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McEliece_cryptosystem
coding theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_theory
[71]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-pqcrypto_survey-72
[73]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-74
Lattice-based cryptosystemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice-based_cryptography
dihedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group
hidden subgroup problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_subgroup_problem
[74]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-75
symmetric (secret-key) algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm
[75]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-bennett_1997-76
Key sizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_size#Effect_of_quantum_computing_attacks_on_key_strength
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=19
Grover's algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm
Brassard, Høyer, and Tapp's algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHT_algorithm
[76]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-77
[77]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-78
[78]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-79
[79]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-80
[80]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-81
Boolean satisfiability problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem
password crackerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking
symmetric ciphershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm
[81]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-82
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=20
Quantum annealinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_annealing
Ising modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ising_model
QUBOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadratic_unconstrained_binary_optimisation&action=edit&redlink=1
combinatorial optimizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization
[82]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-83
computational biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology
[83]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-84
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=21
Quantum machine learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning
machine learninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
[47]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-preskill2018-48
[84]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-85
HHL Algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHL_Algorithm
[47]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-preskill2018-48
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-Quantum_algorithm_for_solving_linear_systems_of_equations_by_Harrow_et_al.-86
Boltzmann machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_machine
deep neural networkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_neural_networks
[86]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-87
[87]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-88
[88]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-89
drug discoveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery
[22]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-273.5278.1073-22
[89]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-90
[90]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-91
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Wafer_of_the_Latest_D-Wave_Quantum_Computers_(39188583425).jpg
waferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)
adiabatic quantum computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_quantum_computer
[update]https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit
[91]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-good-for-nothing-92
[92]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-CACM-93
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=23
[93]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-94
David DiVincenzohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_P._DiVincenzo
these requirementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiVincenzo%27s_criteria
[94]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-95
decoherencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoherence
Superconducting quantum computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing
Googlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
helium-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3
nuclearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics
superconductinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting
[95]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-96
quantum controllershttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_controllers&action=edit&redlink=1
[96]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-97
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=24
NMRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
MRIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI
[97]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-DiVincenzo_1995-98
dilution refrigeratorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_refrigerator
[98]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-99
[99]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-100
ionizing radiationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation
cosmic rayshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_rays
[100]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-101
[101]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-102
pulse shapinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_shaping
threshold theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_theorem
quantum error correctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_error_correction
[102]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-103
[103]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-:1-104
[104]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-:2-105
[105]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-106
low-density parity-check codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_parity-check_code
cat qubitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_qubit_quantum_computer
[106]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-107
topological quantum computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_quantum_computer
anyonshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon
quasi-particleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-particle
braid theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid_theory
[107]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-108
[108]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-109
[109]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-:0-110
[109]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-:0-110
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=25
John Preskillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Preskill
[110]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-111
[47]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-preskill2018-48
[111]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-112
[112]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-113
Sycamore quantum computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_processor
Summithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_(supercomputer)
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-1910.11333-28
[113]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-114
[114]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-115
[115]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-116
[116]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-117
[117]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-118
[118]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-119
[119]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-120
[120]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-121
[121]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-122
[122]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-123
USTChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China
Boson samplinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson_sampling
photonic quantum computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_optical_quantum_computing
Jiuzhanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuzhang_(quantum_computer)
[123]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-124
[124]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-125
[125]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-126
[126]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-:6-127
[127]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-128
[91]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-good-for-nothing-92
[128]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-129
[129]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-130
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_computing&action=edit§ion=26
Naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)
[91]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-good-for-nothing-92
Communications of the ACMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM
[92]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-CACM-93
GPUhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU
entanglementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement
[130]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-131
[131]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-132
[92]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-CACM-93
quantum error correctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_error_correction
[92]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-CACM-93
Bill Unruhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Unruh
[132]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing#cite_note-133
Paul Davieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davies
holographic principlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle
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Abstract machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_machine
Stored-program computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored-program_computer
Finite-state machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine
with datapathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine_with_datapath
Hierarchicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine
Deterministic finite automatonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton
Queue automatonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_automaton
Cellular automatonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton
Quantum cellular automatonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton
Turing machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine
Alternating Turing machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine
Universalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine
Post–Turinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine
Quantumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine
Nondeterministic Turing machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine
Probabilistic Turing machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine
Hypercomputationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercomputation
Zeno machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_machine
Belt machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture
Stack machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_machine
Register machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_machine
Counterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_machine
Pointerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_machine
Random-accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_machine
Random-access stored programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine
Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
Microarchitecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarchitecture
Von Neumannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture
Harvardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecture
modifiedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture
Dataflowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_architecture
Transport-triggeredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture
Cellularhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_architecture
Endiannesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness
Memory accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage
NUMAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access
HUMAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_memory_access
Load–storehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture
Register/memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture
Cache hierarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_hierarchy
Memory hierarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchy
Virtual memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
Secondary storagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_storage
Heterogeneoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture
Fabrichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric_computing
Multiprocessinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing
Cognitivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_computing
Neuromorphichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering
Instruction setarchitectureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture
Orthogonal instruction sethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set
CISChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer
RISChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer
Application-specifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor
EDGEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution
TRIPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_architecture
VLIWhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word
EPIChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing
MISChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer
OISChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer
NISChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing
ZISChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer
VISC architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISC_architecture
Comparisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures
Addressing modeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressing_mode
Motorola 68000 serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000_series
VAXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX
PDP-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11_architecture
x86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
ARMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family
Stanford MIPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_MIPS
MIPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture
MIPS-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS-X
POWERhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture
PowerPChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC
Power ISAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ISA
Clipper architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_architecture
SPARChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC
SuperHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH
DEC Alphahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha
ETRAX CRIShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS
M32Rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M32R
Unicorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicore
Itaniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64
OpenRISChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRISC
RISC-Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V
MicroBlazehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroBlaze
LMChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_man_computer
S/360https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture
S/370https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370
S/390https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/390
z/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/Architecture
VISC architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISC_architecture
Epiphany architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapteva#Products
Othershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures
Executionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_cycle
Instruction pipelininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipelining
Pipeline stallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_stall
Operand forwardinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operand_forwarding
Classic RISC pipelinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline
Hazardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)
Data dependencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dependency
Structuralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_hazard
Controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_hazard
False sharinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_sharing
Out-of-orderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution
Scoreboardinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoreboarding
Tomasulo's algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm
Reservation stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_station
Re-order bufferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-order_buffer
Register renaminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_renaming
Wide-issuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-issue
Speculativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_execution
Branch predictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor
Memory dependence predictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction
Parallelismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing
Bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism
Bit-serialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture
Wordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)
Instructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism
Pipelininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipelining
Scalarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_processor
Superscalarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar_processor
Taskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_parallelism
Threadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)
Processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
Datahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_parallelism
Vectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor
Memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism
Distributedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_architecture
Multithreadinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)
Temporalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_multithreading
Simultaneoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading
Hyperthreadinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-threading
Simultaneous and heterogenoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading
Speculativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_multithreading
Preemptivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing)
Cooperativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking
Flynn's taxonomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy
SISDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data
SIMDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data
Array processing (SIMT)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads
Pipelined processinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor
Associative processinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor
SWARhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAR
MISDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data
MIMDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data
SPMDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data
Processorperformancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performance
Transistor counthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count
Instructions per cyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle
Cycles per instructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction
Instructions per secondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second
Floating-point operations per secondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS
Transactions per secondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_per_second
Synaptic updates per secondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUPS
Performance per watthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_per_watt
Cache performance metricshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric
Computer performance by orders of magnitudehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude
Typeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_(computing)
Central processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
Graphics processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
GPGPUhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units
Vectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor
Barrelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_processor
Streamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processing
Tile processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_processor
Coprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor
PALhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic
ASIChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit
FPGAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array
FPOAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array
CPLDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device
Multi-chip modulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_module
System in a packagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package
Package on a packagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_on_a_package
Embedded systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
Microprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
Microcontrollerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller
Mobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_processor
Ultra-low-voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor
ASIPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor
Soft microprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_microprocessor
System on a chiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip
Multiprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip
Cypress PSoChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_PSoC
Network on a chiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_on_a_chip
Hardwareacceleratorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_acceleration
Coprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor
AI acceleratorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_accelerator
Graphics processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
Image processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processor
Vision processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_processing_unit
Physics processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_processing_unit
Digital signal processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor
Tensor Processing Unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit
Secure cryptoprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor
Network processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_processor
Baseband processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband_processor
Word sizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)
1-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-bit_computing
4-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-bit_computing
8-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit_computing
12-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-bit_computing
15-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer
16-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit_computing
24-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-bit_computing
32-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit_computing
48-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48-bit_computing
64-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit_computing
128-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128-bit_computing
256-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/256-bit_computing
512-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/512-bit_computing
bit slicinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_slicing
othershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes
variablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures
Single-corehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-core
Multi-corehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor
Manycorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manycore_processor
Heterogeneous architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing
Corehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
Cachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_(computing)
CPU cachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache
Scratchpad memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratchpad_memory
Data cachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_cache
Instruction cachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_cache
replacement policieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies
coherencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherence
Bushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)
Clock ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_rate
Clock signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal
FIFOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)
Functionalunitshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_unit
Arithmetic logic unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit
Address generation unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_generation_unit
Floating-point unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit
Memory management unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit
Load–store unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit
Translation lookaside bufferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer
Branch predictorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor
Branch target predictorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_target_predictor
Integrated memory controllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_controller
Memory management unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit
Instruction decoderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_decoder
Logichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate
Combinationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinational_logic
Sequentialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_logic
Gluehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue_logic
Logic gatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate
Quantumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate
Arrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_array
Registershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_register
Processor registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register
Status registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_register
Stack registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_register
Register filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_file
Memory bufferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_buffer_register
Memory address registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address_register
Program counterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_counter
Control unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_unit
Hardwired control unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwired_control_unit
Instruction unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_unit
Data bufferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer
Write bufferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_buffer
Microcodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode
ROMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_image
Counterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_(digital)
Datapathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapath
Multiplexerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexer
Demultiplexerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demultiplexer
Adderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics)
Multiplierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_multiplier
CPUhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_multiplier
Binary decoderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_decoder
Address decoderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_decoder
Sum-addressed decoderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum-addressed_decoder
Barrel shifterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_shifter
Circuitryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit
Integrated circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit
3Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit
Mixed-signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit
Power managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit
Booleanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_circuit
Digitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)
Analoghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics
Quantumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_circuit
Switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches
Powermanagementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_management
PMUhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Management_Unit
APMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management
ACPIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI
Dynamic frequency scalinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling
Dynamic voltage scalinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling
Clock gatinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_gating
Performance per watthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_per_watt
History of general-purpose CPUshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs
Microprocessor chronologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology
Processor designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_design
Digital electronicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronics
Hardware security modulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_security_module
Semiconductor device fabricationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication
Tick–tock modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model
Pin grid arrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_grid_array
Chip carrierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_carrier
vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Quantum_information
thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_information
ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_information
Quantum information sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_science
DiVincenzo's criteriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiVincenzo%27s_criteria
NISQ erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era
timelinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Quantum informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information
Quantum programminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_programming
Quantum simulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_simulator
Qubithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit
physical vs. logicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_and_logical_qubits
Quantum processorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum_processors
cloud-basedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-based_quantum_computing
Bell'shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem
Eastin–Knillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastin%E2%80%93Knill_theorem
Gleason'shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleason%27s_theorem
Gottesman–Knillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesman%E2%80%93Knill_theorem
Holevo'shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holevo%27s_theorem
No-broadcastinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-broadcasting_theorem
No-cloninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-cloning_theorem
No-communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-communication_theorem
No-deletinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deleting_theorem
No-hidinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hiding_theorem
No-teleportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-teleportation_theorem
PBRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBR_theorem
Quantum speed limithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_speed_limit_theorems
Thresholdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_theorem
Solovay–Kitaevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovay%E2%80%93Kitaev_theorem
Schrödinger-HJWhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93HJW_theorem
Classical capacityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_capacity
entanglement-assistedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entanglement-assisted_classical_capacity
quantum capacityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_capacity
Entanglement distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entanglement_distillation
Entanglement swappinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entanglement_swapping
Monogamy of entanglementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamy_of_entanglement
LOCChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOCC
Quantum channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_channel
quantum networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_network
State purificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state_purification
Quantum teleportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_teleportation
quantum energy teleportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_energy_teleportation
quantum gate teleportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gate_teleportation
Superdense codinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdense_coding
Quantum cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography
Post-quantum cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography
Quantum coin flippinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coin_flipping
Quantum moneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_money
Quantum key distributionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution
BB84https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB84
SARG04https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARG04
other protocolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum_key_distribution_protocols
Quantum secret sharinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_secret_sharing
Quantum algorithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithm
Algorithmic coolinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_cooling
Amplitude amplificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_amplification
Bernstein–Vaziranihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Vazirani_algorithm
BHThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHT_algorithm
Boson samplinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson_sampling
Deutsch–Jozsahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch%E2%80%93Jozsa_algorithm
Grover'shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm
HHLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHL_algorithm
Hidden subgrouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_subgroup_problem
Magic state distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_state_distillation
Quantum annealinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_annealing
Quantum countinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_counting_algorithm
Quantum Fourier transformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Fourier_transform
Quantum optimizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Quantum phase estimationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm
Shor'shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm
Simon'shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%27s_problem
VQEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_quantum_eigensolver
Quantumcomplexity theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory
BQPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP
DQC1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_clean_qubit
EQPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_quantum_polynomial_time
QIPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QIP_(complexity)
QMAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMA
PostBQPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostBQP
Quantum supremacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_supremacy
Quantum volumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_volume
QC scaling lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing_scaling_laws
Randomized benchmarkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_benchmarking
XEBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-entropy_benchmarking
Relaxation timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_(NMR)
T1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93lattice_relaxation
T2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93spin_relaxation
computing modelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_of_computation
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