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(Top)
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1
History
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#History |
|
1.1
Digital audio recordings
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Digital_audio_recordings |
|
1.2
Digital telephony
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Digital_telephony |
|
2
Implementations
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Implementations |
|
3
Modulation
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Modulation |
|
4
Demodulation
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Demodulation |
|
5
Standard sampling precision and rates
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Standard_sampling_precision_and_rates |
|
6
Limitations
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Limitations |
|
7
Processing and coding
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Processing_and_coding |
|
8
Encoding for serial transmission
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Encoding_for_serial_transmission |
|
9
Nomenclature
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Nomenclature |
|
10
See also
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#See_also |
|
11
Explanatory notes
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Explanatory_notes |
|
12
References
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#References |
|
13
Further reading
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#Further_reading |
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14
External links
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#External_links |
| العربية | https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2 |
| Български | https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F |
| Català | https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats |
| Čeština | https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzn%C4%9B_k%C3%B3dov%C3%A1_modulace |
| Dansk | https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_Code_Modulation |
| Deutsch | https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puls-Code-Modulation |
| Esperanto | https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulskodigo-modulado |
| Español | https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_por_impulsos_codificados |
| Eesti | https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsskoodmodulatsioon |
| Euskara | https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM |
| فارسی | https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3 |
| Suomi | https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulssikoodimodulaatio |
| Français | https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_par_impulsions_et_codage |
| Galego | https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_por_c%C3%B3digo_de_pulsos |
| עברית | https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%93 |
| Hrvatski | https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsno-kodna_modulacija |
| Bahasa Indonesia | https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi_kode_pulsa |
| Italiano | https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazione_a_impulsi_codificati |
| 日本語 | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF |
| 한국어 | https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B6%80%ED%98%B8_%EB%B3%80%EC%A1%B0 |
| Македонски | https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0 |
| Nederlands | https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulscodemodulatie |
| Norsk nynorsk | https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM |
| Norsk bokmål | https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM |
| Polski | https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM |
| Português | https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_c%C3%B3digo_de_pulsos |
| Русский | https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F |
| Slovenčina | https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzn%C3%A1_k%C3%B3dov%C3%A1_modul%C3%A1cia |
| Shqip | https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulimi_me_kode_pulsi |
| Српски / srpski | https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0 |
| Sunda | https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi_kode_pulsa |
| Svenska | https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulskodsmodulering |
| தமிழ் | https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D |
| ไทย | https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C |
| Türkçe | https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbe_kod_mod%C3%BClasyonu |
| Українська | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F |
| 粵語 | https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM |
| 中文 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%88%E8%A1%9D%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC%E8%AA%BF%E8%AE%8A |
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| What links here | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pulse-code_modulation |
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| Cite this page | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pulse-code_modulation&id=1378024045&wpFormIdentifier=titleform |
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| Switch to legacy parser | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&useparsoid=0 |
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| Printable version | javascript:print(); |
| Wikimedia Commons | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pulse-code_modulation |
| Wikidata item | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13043846 |
| PCM (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM_(disambiguation) |
| Filename extension | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc2586-1 |
| Internet media type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type |
| [2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc4856-2 |
| [3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc3190-3 |
| [4] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-4 |
| Type code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_fork#Types |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc2586-1 |
| [3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc3190-3 |
| Magic number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format#Magic_number |
| audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_file_format |
| Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard) |
| AES3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES3 |
| WAV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAV |
| AIFF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format |
| AU | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_file_format |
| M2TS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2TS |
| VOB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOB |
| Open format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_file_format |
| Free format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard#Comparison_of_definitions |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-LOC_LPCM-5 |
| Passband | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passband |
| modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_modulation |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modulation_categorization.svg |
| Analog modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_modulation#Analog_modulation_methods |
| AM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation |
| SM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_modulation |
| SSB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation |
| Angle modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_modulation |
| FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation |
| PM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_modulation |
| QAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation |
| Digital modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_modulation#Digital_modulation_methods |
| ASK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying |
| APSK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_and_phase-shift_keying |
| CPM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_phase_modulation |
| FSK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying |
| MFSK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying |
| MSK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-shift_keying |
| OOK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On–off_keying |
| PPM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation |
| PSK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying |
| QAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation |
| SC-FDE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA |
| TCM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_coded_modulation |
| TC-PAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC-PAM |
| WDM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet_modulation |
| Hierarchical modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation |
| QAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation |
| WDM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet_modulation |
| Spread spectrum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrum |
| CSS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum |
| DSSS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum |
| FHSS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum |
| THSS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-hopping |
| Capacity-approaching codes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Capacity-approaching_codes |
| Demodulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulation |
| Line coding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_code |
| Modem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem |
| AnM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_modulation |
| PoM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_modulation |
| PAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-amplitude_modulation |
| PCM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation |
| PDM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation |
| PWM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation |
| ΔΣM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation |
| OFDM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing |
| FDM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing |
| Multiplexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Modulation_techniques |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Modulation_techniques |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modulation_techniques |
| digitally | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing) |
| analog signals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal |
| digital audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio |
| compact discs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc |
| digital telephony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_telephony |
| stream | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_(computing) |
| amplitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude |
| sampled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing) |
| quantized | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing) |
| Claude Shannon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon |
| Bernard Oliver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver |
| John Pierce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Pierce |
| National Inventors Hall of Fame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame |
| [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-6 |
| [7] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-7 |
| [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-8 |
| [9] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-sh-9 |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-LOC_LPCM-5 |
| A-law algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-law_algorithm |
| μ-law algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Μ-law_algorithm |
| sampling rate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_rate |
| bit depth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_bit_depth |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=1 |
| sample | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing) |
| multiplex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing |
| telegraphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy |
| Moses G. Farmer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_G._Farmer |
| time-division multiplexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing |
| commutator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric) |
| telephony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony |
| Bartlane cable picture transmission system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlane_cable_picture_transmission_system |
| quantized | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing) |
| [10] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-digicamhistory-10 |
| Western Electric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Electric |
| facsimile machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facsimile_machine |
| analog-to-digital converter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter |
| [11] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-11 |
| [12] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Vardalas-12 |
| Alec Reeves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Reeves |
| International Telephone and Telegraph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telephone_and_Telegraph |
| [13] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-13 |
| Telecommunications Research Establishment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment |
| [12] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Vardalas-12 |
| speech | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech |
| SIGSALY | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALY |
| Allied communications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II |
| World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II |
| DATAR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATAR |
| Ferranti Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Canada |
| [14] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-14 |
| cathode-ray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube |
| coding tube | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US02632058_Gray.png |
| plate electrode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_electrode |
| [15] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-15 |
| oscilloscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope |
| Gray code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_code |
| [16] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-16 |
| National Inventors Hall of Fame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame |
| Bernard M. Oliver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver |
| [17] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-17 |
| Claude Shannon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon |
| [18] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-18 |
| [19] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-19 |
| U.S. patent 2,801,281 | https://patents.google.com/patent/US2801281 |
| John R. Pierce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Pierce |
| U.S. patent 2,437,707 | https://patents.google.com/patent/US2437707 |
| [20] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-20 |
| T-carrier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier |
| telephone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone |
| frequency-division multiplexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing |
| adaptive differential pulse-code modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation |
| Nikil Jayant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil_Jayant |
| James L. Flanagan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Flanagan |
| [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-21 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=2 |
| Digital audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio |
| Digital recording | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_recording |
| NHK | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK |
| [22] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Fine-22 |
| compander | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compander |
| DBX Noise Reduction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbx_(noise_reduction) |
| video tape recorder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tape_recorder |
| stereo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo |
| Denon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denon |
| [note 1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-23 |
| [22] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Fine-22 |
| [note 2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-24 |
| emphasis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(telecommunications) |
| [22] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Fine-22 |
| Bop till You Drop | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bop_till_You_Drop |
| [23] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-25 |
| compact disc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc |
| 44,100 Hz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44,100_Hz |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=3 |
| Digital telephony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_telephony |
| digital telephony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_telephony |
| metal–oxide–semiconductor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal–oxide–semiconductor |
| switched capacitor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched_capacitor |
| [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Allstot-26 |
| [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Allstot-26 |
| [25] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Gibson26-27 |
| silicon-gate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon-gate |
| CMOS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS |
| David A. Hodges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Hodges |
| [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Allstot-26 |
| [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Allstot-26 |
| [25] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Gibson26-27 |
| telecommunication networks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_network |
| public switched telephone network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network |
| digitized | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitized |
| very-large-scale integration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration |
| electronic switching systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_switching_system |
| telephone exchanges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchanges |
| modems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modems |
| digital transmission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transmission |
| integrated services digital network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_services_digital_network |
| cordless telephones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephones |
| cell phones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phones |
| [25] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-Gibson26-27 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=4 |
| [note 3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-28 |
| 4ESS switch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4ESS_switch |
| [26] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-29 |
| Red Book standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard) |
| AES3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES3 |
| S/PDIF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/PDIF |
| LaserDiscs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc |
| WAV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAV |
| AIFF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format |
| AU | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_file_format |
| raw audio format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_audio_format |
| container formats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_container_format |
| DVD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD |
| Blu-ray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray |
| [27] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-bd-30 |
| [28] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-31 |
| [29] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-32 |
| DV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(video_format) |
| [30] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-33 |
| AVCHD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHD |
| [31] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-34 |
| HDMI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI |
| RF64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF64 |
| [32] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-35 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=5 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pcm.svg |
| sine wave | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave |
| integrated circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit |
| analog-to-digital converter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter |
| data stream | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_stream |
| time-division multiplexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=6 |
| digital-to-analog converters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter |
| voltage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| current | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| reconstruction filter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_filter |
| Nyquist frequency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency |
| [note 4] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-36 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=7 |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc2586-1 |
| [2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc4856-2 |
| [3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc3190-3 |
| [33] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-37 |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-LOC_LPCM-5 |
| [34] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-38 |
| [2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc4856-2 |
| [3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-rfc3190-3 |
| kHz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHz |
| DVD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD |
| benefits have been debated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-resolution_audio#Controversy |
| [35] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-39 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=8 |
| Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist–Shannon_sampling_theorem |
| telephony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony |
| voice frequency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_frequency |
| Hz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hz |
| [36] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-40 |
| quantization error | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_error |
| dithering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dither |
| [note 5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-41 |
| Nyquist frequency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency |
| [note 6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-42 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=9 |
| audio compression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_compression_(data) |
| modified discrete cosine transform | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-LOC_LPCM-5 |
| Differential PCM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_PCM |
| Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation |
| signal-to-noise ratio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio |
| Delta modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_modulation |
| samples per second | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samples_per_second |
| DS0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS0 |
| signal compression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_compression |
| μ-law (mu-law) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu-law_algorithm |
| A-law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-law |
| G.711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.711 |
| G.726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.726 |
| Audio coding formats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_formats |
| audio codecs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_codecs |
| modified discrete cosine transform | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform |
| linear predictive coding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding |
| mobile phones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones |
| voice over IP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP |
| streaming media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=10 |
| Line code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_code |
| T-carrier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier |
| E-carrier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrier |
| return-to-zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-to-zero |
| non-return-to-zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-zero |
| [37] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_note-43 |
| run-length limited | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_limited |
| framing bits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_bit |
| scrambler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrambler |
| pseudo-random | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-random |
| DC bias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_bias |
| bipolar codes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_code |
| alternate mark inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_mark_inversion |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=11 |
| pulse-width modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation |
| pulse-position modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation |
| citation needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=12 |
| Beta encoder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_encoder |
| Equivalent pulse code modulation noise | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_pulse_code_modulation_noise |
| Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-quantization-noise_ratio |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=13 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-23 |
| Stomu Yamashta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomu_Yamashta |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-24 |
| Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-28 |
| pulse-density modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation |
| Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-36 |
| digital filtering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_filter |
| anti-aliasing filter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-41 |
| uniformly distributed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_distribution_(continuous) |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-42 |
| jitter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=14 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc2586_1-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc2586_1-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc2586_1-2 |
| "RFC 2586 – The Audio/L16 MIME content type" | http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2586 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.17487/RFC2586 | https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2586 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc4856_2-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc4856_2-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc4856_2-2 |
| "RFC 4856 – Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences – Registration of Media Type audio/L8" | http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4856#page-17 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.17487/RFC4856 | https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4856 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc3190_3-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc3190_3-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc3190_3-2 |
| 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-rfc3190_3-3 |
| "RFC 3190 – RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio" | http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3190 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.17487/RFC3190 | https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3190 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-4 |
| "Audio Media Types" | https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/audio/ |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-LOC_LPCM_5-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-LOC_LPCM_5-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-LOC_LPCM_5-2 |
| 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-LOC_LPCM_5-3 |
| "Linear Pulse Code Modulated Audio (LPCM)" | https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000011.shtml |
| Library of Congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-6 |
| Highway of Dreams: A Critical View Along the Information Superhighway | https://books.google.com/books?id=rpkuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-8058-2557-2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-2557-2 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-7 |
| "A Brief History of the Single-Chip DSP, Part I" | https://www.eejournal.com/article/a-brief-history-of-the-single-chip-dsp-part-i/ |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-8 |
| Experimenting the Human: Art, Music, and the Contemporary Posthuman | https://books.google.com/books?id=r9-SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |
| The University of Chicago Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-226-82340-9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82340-9 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-sh_9-0 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 9788126521517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126521517 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-digicamhistory_10-0 |
| "The Bartlane Transmission System" | https://web.archive.org/web/20100210053055/http://www.digicamhistory.com/1906_1920.html |
| the original | http://www.digicamhistory.com/1906_1920.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-11 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 0-7506-7841-0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-7841-0 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Vardalas_12-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Vardalas_12-1 |
| Pulse Code Modulation: It all Started 75 Years Ago with Alec Reeves | https://insight.ieeeusa.org/articles/your-engineering-heritage-pulse-code-modulation-it-all-started-75-years-ago-with-alec-reeves/ |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-13 |
| US 2272070 | https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2272070 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-14 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 9780931761188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780931761188 |
| page needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-15 |
| "Electron Beam Deflection Tube for Pulse Code Modulation" | https://archive.org/details/bstj27-1-44 |
| Bell Labs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Bibcode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) |
| 1948BSTJ...27...44S | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948BSTJ...27...44S |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01330.x | https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01330.x |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-16 |
| "Television by Pulse Code Modulation" | https://archive.org/details/bstj30-1-33 |
| Bell Labs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Bibcode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) |
| 1951BSTJ...30...33G | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951BSTJ...30...33G |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb01365.x | https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1951.tb01365.x |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-17 |
| "Bernard Oliver" | https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235415/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/211.html |
| the original | http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/211.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-18 |
| "Claude Shannon" | https://web.archive.org/web/20101206045917/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/212.html |
| the original | http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/212.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-19 |
| "National Inventors Hall of Fame announces 2004 class of inventors" | http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2004/6/20045378.shtml |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-20 |
| Bibcode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) |
| 1948PIRE...36.1324O | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948PIRE...36.1324O |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1109/JRPROC.1948.231941 | https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1948.231941 |
| ISSN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) |
| 0096-8390 | https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-8390 |
| S2CID | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) |
| 51663786 | https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51663786 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-21 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Fine_22-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Fine_22-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Fine_22-2 |
| "The dawn of commercial digital recording" | http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/fine_dawn-of-digital.pdf |
| ARSC Journal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARSC_Journal |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-25 |
| "I Can't Keep Up With All The Formats II" | https://web.archive.org/web/20021020102042/http://rogernichols.com/EQ/EQ_2001_08.html |
| the original | http://rogernichols.com/EQ/EQ_2001_08.html |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Allstot_26-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Allstot_26-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Allstot_26-2 |
| 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Allstot_26-3 |
| "Switched Capacitor Filters" | https://web.archive.org/web/20210930151716/https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf |
| IEEE Circuits and Systems Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Circuits_and_Systems_Society |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 9788793609860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788793609860 |
| the original | https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Gibson26_27-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Gibson26_27-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-Gibson26_27-2 |
| "Pulse-Code Modulation Codec-Filters" | https://books.google.com/books?id=Tokk5bZxB0MC&pg=SA26-PA1 |
| CRC Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 9781420041163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420041163 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-29 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-bd_30-0 |
| White paper Blu-ray Disc Format – 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM | http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/2b_bdrom_audiovisualapplication_0305-12955-15269.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-31 |
| "DVD Technical Notes (DVD Video – "Book B") – Audio data specifications" | https://web.archive.org/web/20140210140450/http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_B/Audio.html |
| the original | http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_B/Audio.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-32 |
| "DVD Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers) – Audio details of DVD-Video" | http://dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#3.6.2 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-33 |
| "How DV works" | https://web.archive.org/web/20071206032412/http://seaspray.trinity-bris.ac.uk/~altwfaq/graphics/video/1394/1394formats.html |
| the original | http://seaspray.trinity-bris.ac.uk/~altwfaq/graphics/video/1394/1394formats.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-34 |
| "AVCHD Information Website – AVCHD format specification overview" | http://www.avchd-info.org/format/index.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-35 |
| EBU Tech 3306 – MBWF / RF64: An Extended File Format for Audio | https://web.archive.org/web/20091122155436/http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf |
| the original | http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-37 |
| "RFC 3108 – Conventions for the use of the Session Description Protocol (SDP) for ATM Bearer Connections" | http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3108#page-62 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.17487/RFC3108 | https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3108 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-38 |
| "PCM, Pulse Code Modulated Audio" | https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000016.shtml |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-39 |
| "24/192 Music Downloads, and why they do not make sense" | https://web.archive.org/web/20140906115306/http://people.xiph.org/~xiphmont/demo/neil-young.html |
| the original | http://people.xiph.org/~xiphmont/demo/neil-young.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-40 |
| https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-039/_5829.htm | https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-039/_5829.htm |
| failed verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation#cite_ref-43 |
| Digital Signaling Techniques | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1091872 |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| Communications Magazine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Communications_Magazine |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=15 |
| Franklin S. Cooper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_S._Cooper |
| "Computer-controlled PCM system for investigation of dichotic speech perception" | https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1972688 |
| Bibcode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) |
| 1969ASAJ...46..115C | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969ASAJ...46..115C |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1121/1.1972688 | https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1972688 |
| Principles of Digital Audio | https://archive.org/details/principlesofdigi00pohl |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-672-22634-2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-22634-2 |
| D. H. Whalen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Whalen |
| Philip E. Rubin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rubin |
| Franklin S. Cooper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_S._Cooper |
| "The Haskins Laboratories pulse code modulation (PCM) system" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskins_Laboratories |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.3758/BF03204440 | https://doi.org/10.3758%2FBF03204440 |
| cite journal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal |
| link | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-442-01436-0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-01436-0 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-89006-776-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89006-776-5 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&action=edit§ion=16 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg |
| Pulse-code modulation | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pulse-code%20modulation |
| PCM description on MultimediaWiki | http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=PCM |
| Ralph Miller | http://www.ralph-miller.org/ |
| SIGSALY | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALY |
| U.S. patent 3,912,868 | https://patents.google.com/patent/US3912868 |
| Information about PCM | https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000016.shtml |
| linear pulse-code modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation |
| Summary of LPCM | https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000011.shtml |
| How to control internal/external hardware using Microsoft's Media Control Interface | http://www.tactilemedia.com/info/MCI_Control_Info.html |
| RFC 4856 – Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences | http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4856 |
| RFC 3190 – RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio | http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3190 |
| RFC 3551 – RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control | http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3551#page-27 |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:High-definition |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition |
| High-definition television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television |
| High-definition video | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video |
| Ultra-high-definition television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television |
| 720p (HD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/720p |
| 1080i (HD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080i |
| 1080p (Full HD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p |
| 1440p (Quad HD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1440p |
| 2160p (4K Ultra HD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution |
| 4320p (8K Ultra HD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8K_resolution |
| 8640p (16K Ultra HD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16K_resolution |
| Analog broadcast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television |
| 819 line system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television |
| HD MAC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components |
| MUSE (Hi-Vision) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding |
| ATSC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_standards |
| DMB-T/H | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast |
| DVB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting |
| ISDB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDB |
| SBTVD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDB-T_International |
| Dolby Digital | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital |
| Surround sound | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound |
| DSD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital |
| DXD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition |
| DTS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS_(sound_system) |
| DCI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives |
| HDV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDV |
| HD media andcompression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression |
| Archival Disc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_Disc |
| AV1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV1 |
| Blu-ray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray |
| CBHD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc |
| D-VHS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-VHS |
| DVD-Audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio |
| H.264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding |
| H.265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding |
| H.266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding |
| HD DVD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD |
| HD VMD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc |
| Hi-Vision LD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc#Hi-Vision_LD |
| MPEG-2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2 |
| MVC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding |
| Super Audio CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD |
| Ultra HD Blu-ray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray |
| Uncompressed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncompressed_video |
| VC-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VC-1 |
| W-VHS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-VHS |
| Component | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_video |
| DisplayPort | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPort |
| DVI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface |
| GPMI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPMI |
| HDMI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI |
| VGA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA_connector |
| List of digital television deployments by country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bit-encoding |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bit-encoding |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bit-encoding |
| Line coding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_code |
| Unipolar encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipolar_encoding |
| Bipolar encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_encoding |
| On–off keying | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On–off_keying |
| Mark and space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_and_space |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_signal_encoding_formats-en.svg |
| line codes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_code |
| Return to zero (RZ) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-to-zero |
| Non-return-to-zero, level (NRZ/NRZ-L) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-zero#Non-return-to-zero_level |
| Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZ-I) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-zero#Non-return-to-zero_inverted |
| Non-return-to-zero, space (NRZ-S) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-zero#Non-return-to-zero_space |
| Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_code |
| Differential Manchester/biphase (Bi-φ) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_Manchester_encoding |
| Conditioned diphase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditioned_diphase |
| 4B3T | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4B3T |
| 4B5B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4B5B |
| 2B1Q | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2B1Q |
| Alternate mark inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_encoding#Alternate_mark_inversion |
| Modified AMI code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_AMI_code |
| Coded mark inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coded_mark_inversion |
| MLT-3 encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLT-3_encoding |
| Hybrid ternary code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_ternary_code |
| 6b/8b encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6b/8b_encoding |
| 8b/10b encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8b/10b_encoding |
| 64b/66b encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64b/66b_encoding |
| Eight-to-fourteen modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation |
| Delay/Miller encoding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_encoding |
| TC-PAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC-PAM |
| Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-Suppressed_Return-to-Zero |
| Alternate-Phase Return-to-Zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate-Phase_Return-to-Zero |
| Baseband | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband |
| Baud | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud |
| Bit rate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate |
| Digital signal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal |
| Digital transmission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transmission |
| Ethernet physical layer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer |
| Pulse modulation methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation#Pulse_modulation_methods |
| Pulse-amplitude modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-amplitude_modulation |
| Pulse-code modulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation |
| Serial communication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communication |
| Category:Line codes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Line_codes |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications |
| Telecommunications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications |
| History | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication |
| Beacon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications |
| Broadcasting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting |
| Cable protection system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_protection_system |
| Cable TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television |
| Communications satellite | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History |
| Computer network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History |
| Data compression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression |
| audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_format |
| DCT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform |
| image | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression |
| video | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_coding_format |
| Digital media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media |
| Internet video | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_video |
| online video platform | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_video_platform |
| social media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media |
| streaming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media |
| Drums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication |
| Edholm's law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edholm's_law |
| Electrical telegraph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History |
| Fax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History |
| Heliographs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History |
| Hydraulic telegraph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system |
| Information Age | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age |
| Information revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_revolution |
| Internet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet |
| Mass media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History |
| Mobile phone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones |
| Smartphone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone |
| Optical telecommunication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication |
| Optical telegraphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph |
| Pager | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager |
| Photophone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone |
| Prepaid mobile phone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones |
| Radio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio |
| Radiotelephone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone |
| Satellite communications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite |
| Semaphore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore |
| Phryctoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryctoria |
| Semiconductor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor |
| device | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device |
| MOSFET | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET |
| transistor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_transistor |
| Smoke signals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal |
| Telecommunications history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication |
| Telautograph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telautograph |
| Telegraphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy |
| Teleprinter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter |
| Telephone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone |
| history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone |
| The Telephone Cases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases |
| Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television |
| digital | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television |
| streaming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television |
| Undersea telegraph line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables |
| Videotelephony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony |
| Whistled language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistled_language |
| Wireless revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_revolution |
| Nasir Ahmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer) |
| Edwin Howard Armstrong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong |
| Mohamed M. Atalla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla |
| John Logie Baird | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird |
| Paul Baran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran |
| John Bardeen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen |
| Alexander Graham Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell |
| Emile Berliner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner |
| Tim Berners-Lee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee |
| Francis Blake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor) |
| Jagadish Chandra Bose | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose |
| Charles Bourseul | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bourseul |
| Walter Houser Brattain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain |
| Vint Cerf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf |
| Claude Chappe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe |
| Yogen Dalal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogen_Dalal |
| Donald Davies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davies |
| Daniel Davis Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr. |
| Amos Dolbear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Dolbear |
| Thomas Edison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison |
| Philo Farnsworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth |
| Reginald Fessenden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden |
| Lee de Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest |
| Elisha Gray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray |
| Oliver Heaviside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside |
| Robert Hooke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke |
| Erna Schneider Hoover | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover |
| Harold Hopkins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist) |
| Gardiner Greene Hubbard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard |
| Bob Kahn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kahn |
| Dawon Kahng | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawon_Kahng |
| Charles K. Kao | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao |
| Narinder Singh Kapany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany |
| Hedy Lamarr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr |
| Roberto Landell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura |
| Innocenzo Manzetti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti |
| Guglielmo Marconi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi |
| Robert Metcalfe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe |
| Antonio Meucci | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Meucci |
| Samuel Morse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse |
| Jun-ichi Nishizawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa |
| Charles Grafton Page | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page |
| Radia Perlman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia_Perlman |
| Alexander Stepanovich Popov | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov |
| Tivadar Puskás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivadar_Puskás |
| Johann Philipp Reis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis |
| Claude Shannon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon |
| Almon Brown Strowger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger |
| Henry Sutton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor) |
| Charles Sumner Tainter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter |
| Nikola Tesla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla |
| Camille Tissot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Tissot |
| Alfred Vail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail |
| Thomas A. Watson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson |
| Charles Wheatstone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone |
| Vladimir K. Zworykin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin |
| Internet pioneers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers |
| Transmissionmedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium |
| Coaxial cable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable |
| Fiber-optic communication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication |
| optical fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber |
| Free-space optical communication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication |
| Internet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet |
| Molecular communication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_communication |
| Radio waves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave |
| Wireless | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communication |
| Transmission line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line |
| telecommunication circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit |
| Network topology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology |
| Bandwidth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing) |
| Links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link |
| Network switching | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch |
| circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching |
| packet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching |
| list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_packet-switched_networks |
| Nodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking) |
| terminal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication) |
| Telephone exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange |
| Multiplexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing |
| Space-division | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access |
| Frequency-division | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing |
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| FidoNet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet |
| Internet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet |
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| https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&oldid=1378024045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&oldid=1378024045 |
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| Digital audio recording | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Digital_audio_recording |
| Digital audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Digital_audio |
| Multiplexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Multiplexing |
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