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(Top)
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages |
|
1
Related
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Related |
|
2
History
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#History |
|
2.1
Early developments
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Early_developments |
|
2.2
1960s and 1970s
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#1960s_and_1970s |
|
2.3
1980s to 2000s
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#1980s_to_2000s |
|
2.4
2000s to present
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#2000s_to_present |
|
3
Definition
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Definition |
|
3.1
Syntax
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Syntax |
|
3.2
Semantics
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Semantics |
|
3.2.1
Static semantics
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Static_semantics |
|
3.2.2
Dynamic semantics
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Dynamic_semantics |
|
4
Features
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Features |
|
4.1
Type system
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Type_system |
|
4.1.1
Commonly supported types
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Commonly_supported_types |
|
4.1.2
Static and dynamic typing
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Static_and_dynamic_typing |
|
4.2
Concurrency
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Concurrency |
|
4.3
Exception handling
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Exception_handling |
|
5
Design and implementation
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Design_and_implementation |
|
5.1
Tradeoffs
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Tradeoffs |
|
5.2
Specification
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Specification |
|
5.3
Implementation
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Implementation |
|
6
Proprietary languages
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Proprietary_languages |
|
7
Use
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Use |
|
7.1
Measuring language usage
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Measuring_language_usage |
|
8
Dialects, flavors and implementations
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations |
|
9
Classifications
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Classifications |
|
10
See also
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#See_also |
|
11
References
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#References |
|
12
Further reading
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#Further_reading |
| Afrikaans | https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeertaal |
| Alemannisch | https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmiersprache |
| አማርኛ | https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AE%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9D_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B |
| अंगिका | https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE |
| العربية | https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9 |
| Aragonés | https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguache_de_programaci%C3%B3n |
| অসমীয়া | https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE |
| Asturianu | https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llinguaxe_de_programaci%C3%B3n |
| Azərbaycanca | https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili |
| تۆرکجه | https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C |
| বাংলা | https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE |
| 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí | https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%AAng-sek_g%C3%AD-gi%C3%A2n |
| Башҡортса | https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5 |
| Беларуская | https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F |
| Беларуская (тарашкевіца) | https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F |
| भोजपुरी | https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE |
| Български | https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5 |
| Boarisch | https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmiasproch |
| Bosanski | https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programski_jezik |
| Brezhoneg | https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavar_programmi%C3%B1 |
| Català | https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenguatge_de_programaci%C3%B3 |
| Чӑвашла | https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8 |
| Čeština | https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programovac%C3%AD_jazyk |
| ChiTumbuka | https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyowoyero_cha_vilayizgo |
| Cymraeg | https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_raglennu |
| Dansk | https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeringssprog |
| الدارجة | https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%A7%D8%AC |
| Deutsch | https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmiersprache |
| Eesti | https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeerimiskeel |
| Ελληνικά | https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D |
| Español | https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje_de_programaci%C3%B3n |
| Esperanto | https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programlingvo |
| Estremeñu | https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguagi_de_pogramaci%C3%B3n |
| Euskara | https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programazio-lengoaia |
| فارسی | https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C |
| Fiji Hindi | https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language |
| Français | https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langage_de_programmation |
| Gaeilge | https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_r%C3%ADomhchl%C3%A1r%C3%BAch%C3%A1in |
| Gàidhlig | https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nan_pr%C3%B2gramaidh |
| Galego | https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaxe_de_programaci%C3%B3n |
| 한국어 | https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4 |
| Հայերեն | https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82 |
| हिन्दी | https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE |
| Hornjoserbsce | https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%C4%9Browanske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De |
| Hrvatski | https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programski_jezik |
| Ido | https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programifo-linguo |
| Ilokano | https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengguahe_ti_panangprograma |
| Bahasa Indonesia | https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pemrograman |
| Interlingua | https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguage_de_programmation |
| Interlingue | https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_de_programmation |
| IsiZulu | https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulimi_lokuhlelelisa |
| Íslenska | https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forritunarm%C3%A1l |
| Italiano | https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio_di_programmazione |
| עברית | https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA |
| Jawa | https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_pamrograman |
| ქართული | https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90 |
| Қазақша | https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96 |
| Kiswahili | https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_ya_programu |
| Kurdî | https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_bernamesaziy%C3%AA |
| Кыргызча | https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8 |
| ລາວ | https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1 |
| Latina | https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_programmationis |
| Latviešu | https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programm%C4%93%C5%A1anas_valoda |
| Lëtzebuergesch | https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programm%C3%A9iersprooch |
| Lietuvių | https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programavimo_kalba |
| La .lojban. | https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/samplabau |
| Lombard | https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguagg_de_programmazion |
| Magyar | https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv |
| Македонски | https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA |
| മലയാളം | https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7 |
| मराठी | https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE |
| მარგალური | https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90 |
| مصرى | https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87 |
| Bahasa Melayu | https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pengaturcaraan |
| Minangkabau | https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_pamrograman |
| 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ | https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C4%95ng-ti%C3%A0ng_ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-ngi%C3%B2ng |
| Mirandés | https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaige_de_porgrama%C3%A7on |
| Монгол | https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB |
| မြန်မာဘာသာ | https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8 |
| Na Vosa Vakaviti | https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosa_parokaramu |
| Nederlands | https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeertaal |
| नेपाली | https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE |
| नेपाल भाषा | https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE |
| 日本語 | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E |
| ߒߞߏ | https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A2%DF%8D%DF%A5%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%A6%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2 |
| Nordfriisk | https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programiarspriak |
| Norsk bokmål | https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeringsspr%C3%A5k |
| Norsk nynorsk | https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeringsspr%C3%A5k |
| Occitan | https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengatge_de_programacion |
| Олык марий | https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5 |
| Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча | https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasturlash_tili |
| ਪੰਜਾਬੀ | https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE |
| پنجابی | https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C |
| ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ | https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB |
| پښتو | https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87 |
| ភាសាខ្មែរ | https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B8 |
| Piemontèis | https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengage_%C3%ABd_programassion |
| Plattdüütsch | https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeerspraak |
| Polski | https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_programowania |
| Português | https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o |
| Qaraqalpaqsha | https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmalast%C4%B1r%C4%B1w_tili |
| Română | https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbaj_de_programare |
| Runa Simi | https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakichiy_simi |
| Русиньскый | https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F |
| Русский | https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F |
| Саха тыла | https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0h%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0 |
| Sardu | https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C3%A0giu_de_programmatzione |
| Scots | https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmin_leid |
| Shqip | https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_e_programimit |
| සිංහල | https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F |
| Simple English | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language |
| Slovenčina | https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programovac%C3%AD_jazyk |
| Slovenščina | https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programski_jezik |
| Ślůnski | https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Fdka_programowani%C5%8F |
| کوردی | https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C |
| Српски / srpski | https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA |
| Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски | https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programski_jezik |
| Sunda | https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_program |
| Suomi | https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmointikieli |
| Svenska | https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programspr%C3%A5k |
| Tagalog | https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_pamprograma |
| தமிழ் | https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF |
| Taqbaylit | https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_n_usihel |
| Татарча / tatarça | https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5 |
| တႆး | https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language |
| తెలుగు | https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7 |
| Tetun | https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programing |
| ไทย | https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1 |
| Тоҷикӣ | https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D3%A3 |
| Türkçe | https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programlama_dili |
| Basa Ugi | https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%94_%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%86 |
| Українська | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F |
| اردو | https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86 |
| ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche | https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89 |
| Vèneto | https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguajo_de_programasion |
| Tiếng Việt | https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh |
| 文言 | https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80 |
| Winaray | https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongan_hin_programa |
| 吴语 | https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80 |
| ייִדיש | https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9A |
| Yorùbá | https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%A0n%C3%A0_K%E1%BB%8D%CC%80mp%C3%BAt%C3%A0 |
| 粵語 | https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80 |
| Zazaki | https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_programnay%C4%B1%C5%9Fi |
| Žemaitėška | https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruogramav%C4%97ma_kalba |
| 中文 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80 |
| Toki pona | https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/toki_ilo |
| Edit links | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9143#sitelinks-wikipedia |
| Article | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language |
| Talk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Programming_language |
| Read | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language |
| Edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit |
| View history | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=history |
| Read | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language |
| Edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit |
| View history | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=history |
| What links here | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Programming_language |
| Related changes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Programming_language |
| Upload file | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard |
| Permanent link | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&oldid=1332172449 |
| Page information | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=info |
| Cite this page | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Programming_language&id=1332172449&wpFormIdentifier=titleform |
| Get shortened URL | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgramming_language |
| Download QR code | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgramming_language |
| Download as PDF | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Programming_language&action=show-download-screen |
| Printable version | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&printable=yes |
| Wikimedia Commons | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Programming_languages |
| MediaWiki | https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Programming_languages |
| Wikibooks | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programming_Languages |
| Wikifunctions | https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z61 |
| Wikiquote | https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Programming_languages |
| Wikiversity | https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Programming_languages |
| Wikidata item | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9143 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending |
| Programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_languages&redirect=no |
| latest accepted revision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes |
| reviewed | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Programming_language |
| citation style | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style |
| citation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources |
| footnoting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes |
| Learn how and when to remove this message | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_Hello_World_Program.png |
| source code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code |
| C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| comments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming) |
| compiled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiled |
| run | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing) |
| Hello, world! | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
| engineered language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_language |
| computer programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-1 |
| written | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development |
| human readable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-readable |
| Execution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing) |
| implementation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_implementation |
| compilation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler |
| machine code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code |
| interpretation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing) |
| just-in-time compilation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation |
| bytecode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode |
| [2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-2 |
| computer architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture |
| imperative | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_languages |
| von Neumann architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture |
| [3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-3 |
| hardware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware |
| abstraction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science) |
| citation needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=1 |
| natural languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languages |
| [4] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-BookProgrammingLanguagesChauhanSharad-4 |
| computer language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_language |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-5 |
| [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-6 |
| citation needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed |
| abstract machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_machine |
| [7] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-7 |
| John C. Reynolds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Reynolds |
| formal specification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_specification |
| [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-8 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=2 |
| History of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=3 |
| [9] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023519-9 |
| first-generation programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-generation_programming_language |
| machine language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_language |
| portable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portability_(computing) |
| [10] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023520–521-10 |
| assembly languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_languages |
| second-generation programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_programming_language |
| [11] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521-11 |
| human resources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources |
| [12] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023522-12 |
| high-level programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language |
| third-generation programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_language |
| abstracted | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computing) |
| [11] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521-11 |
| Fortran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran |
| compiled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler |
| [11] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521-11 |
| [13] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201242-13 |
| [14] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023524-14 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=4 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg |
| IBM 704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_704 |
| mainframe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe |
| floating-point arithmetic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic |
| Fortran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran |
| [15] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201242–44-15 |
| [14] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023524-14 |
| mainframes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframes |
| punch cards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_cards |
| [16] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023523–524-16 |
| microprocessor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor |
| [17] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023527-17 |
| [18] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023528-18 |
| Lisp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language) |
| functional programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
| [19] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-19 |
| recursion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion |
| conditional expressions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_expression |
| [20] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201247–48-20 |
| dynamic memory management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_memory_management |
| heap | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_(computer_science) |
| garbage collection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science) |
| [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023526-21 |
| artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence |
| [22] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201250-22 |
| ML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_(programming_language) |
| inferred types | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_inference |
| parameters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
| [18] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023528-18 |
| [23] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012701–703-23 |
| ALGOL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL |
| [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023524–525-24 |
| algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm |
| C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| Pascal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language) |
| Ada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language) |
| C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B |
| Java | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
| C# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| [25] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201256–57-25 |
| [14] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023524-14 |
| context-free | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar |
| BNF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form |
| [26] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023525-26 |
| Simula | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simula |
| object-oriented programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
| subtypes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtypes |
| dynamic dispatch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_dispatch |
| inheritance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(computer_science) |
| [27] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023526–527-27 |
| pointer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming) |
| [18] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023528-18 |
| Prolog | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog |
| logic programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming |
| [28] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023531-28 |
| [29] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201279-29 |
| interpreter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computer_science) |
| [30] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023530-30 |
| [29] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201279-29 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=5 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_IMG_5261.jpg |
| personal computer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer |
| [31] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023532–533-31 |
| superset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superset |
| classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(programming) |
| inheritance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming) |
| [32] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023534-32 |
| Ada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language) |
| concurrency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science) |
| [33] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023534–535-33 |
| fifth-generation languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language |
| [34] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023535-34 |
| [35] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012736-35 |
| Internet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet |
| World Wide Web | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web |
| Web pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pages |
| networking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network |
| [36] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023536-36 |
| Java | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
| [37] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023536–537-37 |
| [38] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201291–92-38 |
| dynamically typed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system |
| scripting languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languages |
| Python | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
| JavaScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript |
| PHP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP |
| Ruby | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language) |
| applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software |
| HTML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML |
| servers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) |
| [39] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023538–539-39 |
| [40] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201297–99-40 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=6 |
| [41] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023542-41 |
| service-oriented programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_programming |
| distributed systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_systems |
| [42] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023474–475,_477,_542-42 |
| C# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| F# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| [43] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023542–543-43 |
| Rust | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language) |
| Go | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
| Swift | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(programming_language) |
| Zig | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zig_(programming_language) |
| Carbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language) |
| [44] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023544-44 |
| static typing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system |
| dynamic typing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system |
| Ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(programming_language) |
| Julia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(programming_language) |
| [45] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-45 |
| [46] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-46 |
| visual programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming_languages |
| Scratch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language) |
| LabVIEW | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabVIEW |
| PWCT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWCT |
| Ballerina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballerina_(programming_language) |
| [47] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-47 |
| [48] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-48 |
| [49] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-49 |
| [50] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-50 |
| Blockly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockly |
| Google | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google |
| [51] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-51 |
| Unreal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine |
| Unity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(game_engine) |
| [52] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-52 |
| [53] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-53 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=7 |
| syntax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages) |
| semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science) |
| formal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=8 |
| Syntax (programming languages) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages) |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Python_add5_parse.png |
| Parse tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree |
| Python code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Python_add5_syntax.svg |
| Syntax highlighting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_highlighting |
| Python | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
| syntax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages) |
| graphical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming_language |
| formal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages |
| reference implementation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_implementation_(computing) |
| regular expressions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression |
| lexical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis |
| Backus–Naur form | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form |
| grammatical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar |
| Lisp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language) |
| undefined behavior | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undefined_behavior |
| natural language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language |
| Colorless green ideas sleep furiously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously |
| well-formed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formedness |
| C language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| null pointer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_pointer |
| type declaration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_declaration |
| Chomsky hierarchy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy |
| context-free grammars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar |
| [54] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-54 |
| undecidable problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem |
| [55] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-55 |
| Lisp's macro system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_macro |
| [56] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-56 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=9 |
| Logical connectives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective |
| NOT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation |
| AND | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction |
| NAND | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffer_stroke |
| OR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction |
| NOR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_NOR |
| XNOR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNOR_gate |
| equivalent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_biconditional |
| XOR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or |
| implies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional |
| nonimplication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_nonimplication |
| NIMPLY | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMPLY_gate |
| converse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(logic) |
| converse nonimplication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_nonimplication |
| Propositional calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus |
| Predicate logic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic |
| Boolean algebra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra |
| Truth table | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table |
| Truth function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_function |
| Boolean function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_function |
| Functional completeness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness |
| Scope (logic) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_(logic) |
| Digital logic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate |
| Mathematical logic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic |
| Philosophy of logic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_logic |
| Category | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Logical_connectives |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Logical_connectives_sidebar |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Logical_connectives_sidebar |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Logical_connectives_sidebar |
| Semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#Computer_science |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=10 |
| [57] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-Aaby_2004-57 |
| failed verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability |
| identifier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifier |
| case statement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_statement |
| [58] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-58 |
| subroutine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine |
| logic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic |
| type system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system |
| static analyses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_code_analysis |
| data flow analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_analysis |
| Java | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
| C# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| definite assignment analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_assignment_analysis |
| [59] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-:1-59 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=11 |
| Semantics of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_of_programming_languages |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg |
| cite | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources |
| sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability |
| improve this section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Programming_language |
| adding citations to reliable sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners |
| removed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence |
| "Programming language" | https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Programming+language%22 |
| news | https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Programming+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1 |
| newspapers | https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Programming+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks |
| books | https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Programming+language%22+-wikipedia |
| scholar | https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Programming+language%22 |
| JSTOR | https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Programming+language%22&acc=on&wc=on |
| Learn how and when to remove this message | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal |
| strategy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_strategy |
| control structures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow |
| statements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_(computer_science) |
| dynamic semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_semantics |
| formal semantics of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages |
| [59] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-:1-59 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=12 |
| programmer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=13 |
| Data type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type |
| Type system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system |
| Type safety | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_safety |
| data type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type |
| [60] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012244-60 |
| type system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system |
| expression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_(mathematics) |
| type equivalence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_equivalence |
| type compatibility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_compatibility&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| [61] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012245-61 |
| type theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory |
| [62] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-typing-62 |
| assembly languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
| [62] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-typing-62 |
| [62] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-typing-62 |
| integers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer |
| floats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point |
| Type checking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_checking |
| compile time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compile_time |
| [63] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201215,_408–409-63 |
| strong typing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly-typed_programming_language |
| type errors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_error |
| cast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_conversion |
| Weak typing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_typing |
| type coercion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_coercion |
| [64] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012303–304-64 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=14 |
| Primitive data type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_data_type |
| integer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer |
| floating point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point |
| real numbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number |
| float | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format |
| double | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format |
| integer overflow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow |
| twos complement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twos_complement |
| ones complement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones_complement |
| [65] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012246–247-65 |
| Boolean | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_data_type |
| character | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(computing) |
| byte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte |
| ASCII | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII |
| [66] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012249-66 |
| Arrays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_type) |
| [67] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012260-67 |
| strings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computing) |
| primitive type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_type |
| [68] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012250-68 |
| [69] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012254-69 |
| lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_(computing) |
| [70] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012281–282-70 |
| associative (unordered) arrays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_arrays |
| [71] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012272–273-71 |
| records | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(computer_science) |
| [72] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012276–277-72 |
| tuples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple |
| [73] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012280-73 |
| Pointers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming) |
| heap | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_(programming) |
| [74] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012289–290-74 |
| user-defined type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-defined_type |
| ordinal type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_data_type |
| enumeration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration |
| [75] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012255-75 |
| abstract data types | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_data_types |
| hidden from the user | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_hiding |
| interface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computing) |
| [76] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012244–245-76 |
| data abstraction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_abstraction |
| name collision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_collision |
| data structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure |
| [77] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012477-77 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=15 |
| static typing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_typing |
| [62] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-typing-62 |
| infer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_inference |
| implicit typing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_typing |
| [78] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012211-78 |
| Haskell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell |
| ML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_(programming_language) |
| [79] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-79 |
| [80] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012212–213-80 |
| union type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_type |
| [81] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012284–285-81 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=16 |
| Concurrent computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
| [82] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012576-82 |
| [83] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012579-83 |
| Interpreted languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language |
| Python | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
| Ruby | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language) |
| [84] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012585-84 |
| semaphores | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
| monitor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(synchronization) |
| message passing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_passing |
| [85] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012585–586-85 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=17 |
| Exception handling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling |
| runtime errors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_error |
| [86] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012630,_634-86 |
| operating system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system |
| [87] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012635-87 |
| [88] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012631-88 |
| [89] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012261-89 |
| [88] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012631-88 |
| [90] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012632-90 |
| [91] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta2012631,_635–636-91 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=18 |
| Programming language design and implementation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_design_and_implementation |
| computer architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture |
| Imperative languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_languages |
| von Neumann architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture |
| [92] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201218-92 |
| memory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory |
| CPU | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU |
| assignment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science) |
| iteration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration |
| recursion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science) |
| [93] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201219-93 |
| citation needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed |
| [94] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTENofrePriestleyAlberts201455-94 |
| [95] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTENofrePriestleyAlberts201460-95 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=19 |
| [96] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta20128-96 |
| [97] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201216–17-97 |
| overloading operators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_overload |
| [98] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta20128–9-98 |
| orthogonality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality |
| [99] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta20129–10-99 |
| special words | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_word |
| [100] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201212–13-100 |
| [101] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201213-101 |
| abstraction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science) |
| expressivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressive_power_(computer_science) |
| [102] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201214–15-102 |
| [103] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-103 |
| standard library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_library |
| [104] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-104 |
| [105] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201215-105 |
| Type checking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_checking |
| exception handling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling |
| aliasing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing_(computing) |
| [106] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta20128,_16-106 |
| [107] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201218,_23-107 |
| [108] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201223-108 |
| [108] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201223-108 |
| Natural-language programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_programming |
| Edsger W. Dijkstra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra |
| [109] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-109 |
| Alan Perlis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Perlis |
| [110] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-110 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=20 |
| Programming language specification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_specification |
| users | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
| implementors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_implementation |
| source code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code |
| program | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program |
| natural language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language |
| C language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| formal semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages |
| Standard ML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML |
| [111] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-111 |
| Scheme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language) |
| [112] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-112 |
| translator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler |
| C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B |
| Fortran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran |
| reference or model implementation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_implementation |
| written in the language being specified | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-circular_evaluator |
| Prolog | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog |
| ANSI REXX | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REXX |
| [113] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-113 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=21 |
| Programming language implementation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_implementation |
| machine code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code |
| operating system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system |
| [114] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201223–24-114 |
| production code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle |
| compiler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler |
| executable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable |
| [115] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201225–27-115 |
| optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization |
| [116] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201227-116 |
| interpreter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing) |
| [117] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201228-117 |
| just-in-time compilation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation |
| [118] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201229–30-118 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=22 |
| domain-specific languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language |
| scripting languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language |
| citation needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed |
| Oracle Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation |
| Java programming language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_programming_language |
| [119] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-119 |
| Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft |
| C# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| Common Language Runtime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime |
| [120] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-120 |
| MATLAB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB |
| VBScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScript |
| Wolfram Language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Language |
| Erlang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language) |
| [121] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-121 |
| Open source programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_programming_languages |
| open science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science |
| replication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_crisis |
| [122] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-122 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=23 |
| [123] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-123 |
| [124] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-124 |
| pseudocode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocode |
| programmer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
| abstractions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science) |
| primitives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_primitive |
| [125] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-125 |
| Programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Programming |
| executed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing) |
| batch process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_processing |
| commands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(computing) |
| interactive session | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_(computer_science) |
| interpreter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing) |
| Unix shell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell |
| command-line interface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface |
| scripting language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language |
| [126] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-126 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=24 |
| COBOL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL |
| mainframes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer |
| [127] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-127 |
| [128] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-128 |
| Fortran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran |
| Ada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language) |
| C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| [129] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-129 |
| [130] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-130 |
| [131] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-131 |
| Java | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
| C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B |
| Python | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
| C# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| JavaScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript |
| VB .NET | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET |
| R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
| PHP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP |
| MATLAB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB |
| [132] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-132 |
| TIOBE index | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIOBE_index |
| Python | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
| C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B |
| C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| Java | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
| C# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| [133] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-133 |
| [134] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-134 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=25 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg |
| cite | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources |
| sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability |
| improve this section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Programming_language |
| adding citations to reliable sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners |
| removed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence |
| Learn how and when to remove this message | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal |
| data exchange language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_exchange_language |
| Scheme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language) |
| Forth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_(programming_language) |
| dialect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect |
| domain-specific language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language |
| Lisp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language) |
| S-expression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-expression |
| Racket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(programming_language) |
| Clojure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clojure |
| BASIC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC |
| many dialects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BASIC_dialects |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=26 |
| Categorical list of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_list_of_programming_languages |
| [135] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201221-135 |
| imperative programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
| [136] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201221–22-136 |
| functional programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
| [137] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201212-137 |
| logic programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming |
| [138] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201222-138 |
| Object-oriented programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
| data abstraction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_abstraction |
| inheritance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming) |
| dynamic dispatch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_dispatch |
| [136] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201221–22-136 |
| markup language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language |
| [139] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201222–23-139 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=27 |
| Comparison of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages |
| Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(basic_instructions) |
| Computer programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming |
| Computer science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science |
| Outline of computer science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science |
| Domain-specific language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language |
| Domain-specific modeling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_modeling |
| Educational programming language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_programming_language |
| Esoteric programming language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
| Extensible programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
| Category:Extensible syntax programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Extensible_syntax_programming_languages |
| Invariant-based programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant-based_programming |
| Language-oriented programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-oriented_programming |
| List of BASIC dialects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BASIC_dialects |
| List of open-source programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_programming_languages |
| List of programming language researchers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_language_researchers |
| Lists of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_programming_languages |
| Logic programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming |
| Literate programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
| Metalanguage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalanguage |
| Metaprogramming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaprogramming |
| Ruby (programming language) § Metaprogramming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)#Metaprogramming |
| Modeling language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language |
| Programming language theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_theory |
| Programming languages used in most popular websites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages_used_in_most_popular_websites |
| Pseudocode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocode |
| Rebol § Dialects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebol#Dialects |
| Reflective programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
| Scientific programming language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_programming_language |
| Scripting language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language |
| Semantics (logic) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(logic) |
| Software engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering |
| List of software engineering topics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_engineering_topics |
| Syntax (logic) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(logic) |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg |
| Computer programming portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=28 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-1 |
| Information technology — Vocabulary | https://www.iso.org/standard/63598.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-2 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-1-292-43682-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-43682-1 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-3 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-1-292-43682-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-43682-1 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-BookProgrammingLanguagesChauhanSharad_4-0 |
| Programming Languages - Design and Constructs | https://books.google.com/books?id=qKRnohkDbb0C |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-93-81159-41-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81159-41-5 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-5 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-6 |
| Towards a General Ontology of Computer Programs | http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20150707093557/http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf |
| Wayback Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine |
| ICSOFT 2007 | http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20100427063709/http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html |
| Wayback Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-7 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 0-12-012108-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-012108-5 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-8 |
| SIGPLAN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGPLAN |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023519_9-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023520–521_10-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
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| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521_11-1 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023522_12-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201242_13-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
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| c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023524_14-2 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201242–44_15-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023527_17-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
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| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023528_18-1 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-19 |
| "How Lisp Became God's Own Programming Language" | https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20240410060444/https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201247–48_20-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023526_21-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201250_22-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012701–703_23-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023524–525_24-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201256–57_25-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023526–527_27-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023531_28-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
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| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023530_30-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023532–533_31-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023535_34-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012736_35-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
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| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
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| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201297–99_40-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023542_41-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023474–475,_477,_542_42-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023542–543_43-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023544_44-0 |
| Gabbrielli & Martini 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-45 |
| arXiv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) |
| 1209.5145 | https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.5145 |
| cs.PL | https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.PL |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-46 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-47 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-48 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-49 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-50 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-51 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-52 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-53 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-54 |
| Michael Sipser | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sipser |
| Introduction to the Theory of Computation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Theory_of_Computation |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-534-94728-6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-94728-6 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-55 |
| Perl and Undecidability | http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20090817183115/http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability |
| Wayback Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine |
| Rice's theorem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%27s_theorem |
| halting problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-56 |
| Lecture Notes: Macros | http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20130806054148/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html |
| Wayback Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine |
| PostScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript |
| version | http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20000817211709/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps |
| Wayback Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-Aaby_2004_57-0 |
| Introduction to Programming Languages | https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043216/http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm |
| the original | http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-58 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 0-12-633951-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-633951-1 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-:1_59-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-:1_59-1 |
| The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: An Introduction | https://books.google.com/books?id=JzUNn6uUxm0C |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-262-73103-4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73103-4 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012244_60-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012245_61-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-typing_62-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-typing_62-1 |
| c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-typing_62-2 |
| d | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-typing_62-3 |
| "Introduction To Computer Languages" | http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20120815140215/http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201215,_408–409_63-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012303–304_64-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012246–247_65-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012249_66-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012260_67-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012250_68-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012254_69-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012281–282_70-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012272–273_71-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012276–277_72-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012280_73-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012289–290_74-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012255_75-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012244–245_76-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012477_77-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012211_78-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-79 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1145/567067.567077 | https://doi.org/10.1145%2F567067.567077 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-89791-090-3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-090-3 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012212–213_80-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012284–285_81-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012576_82-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012579_83-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012585_84-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012585–586_85-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012630,_634_86-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012635_87-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012631_88-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012631_88-1 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012261_89-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012632_90-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta2012631,_635–636_91-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201218_92-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201219_93-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENofrePriestleyAlberts201455_94-0 |
| Nofre, Priestley & Alberts 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFNofrePriestleyAlberts2014 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENofrePriestleyAlberts201460_95-0 |
| Nofre, Priestley & Alberts 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFNofrePriestleyAlberts2014 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta20128_96-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201216–17_97-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta20128–9_98-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta20129–10_99-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201212–13_100-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201213_101-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201214–15_102-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-103 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-104 |
| "Standard Libraries" | https://press.rebus.community/programmingfundamentals/chapter/standard-libraries/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201215_105-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta20128,_16_106-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201218,_23_107-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201223_108-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201223_108-1 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-109 |
| On the foolishness of "natural language programming." | http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20080120201526/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html |
| Wayback Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-110 |
| "Epigrams on Programming" | http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/19990117034445/http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-111 |
| Milner, R. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Milner |
| M. Tofte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Tofte |
| R. Harper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harper_(computer_scientist) |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-262-63181-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63181-5 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-112 |
| "Section 7.2 Formal semantics" | http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20060706081110/http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-113 |
| ANSI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201223–24_114-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201225–27_115-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201227_116-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201228_117-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201229–30_118-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-119 |
| Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_America,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc. |
| user-generated source | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-120 |
| "Guide to Programming Languages | ComputerScience.org" | https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223729/https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-121 |
| "The basics" | https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064903/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-122 |
| "Optimizing large real-world data analysis with parquet files in R: A step-by-step tutorial" | https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpds.5728 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1002/pds.5728 | https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpds.5728 |
| PMID | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) |
| 37984998 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37984998 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-123 |
| "HOPL: an interactive Roster of Programming Languages" | https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ |
| Murdoch University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_University |
| the original | http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-124 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1145/2745802.2745805 | https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2745802.2745805 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-1-4503-3350-4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-3350-4 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-125 |
| "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs" | https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050622/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html |
| the original | http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html |
| cite web | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web |
| link | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-126 |
| "Scripting Languages" | http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20171202235828/http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-127 |
| "COBOL turns 50" | https://web.archive.org/web/20131019181128/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ |
| the original | http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-128 |
| "7 Myths of COBOL Debunked" | http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171802/http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-129 |
| "SSL/Computer Weekly IT salary survey: finance boom drives IT job growth" | http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/sslcomputer-weekly-it-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-it-job.htm |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035734/http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/SSLComputer-Weekly-IT-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-IT-job.htm |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-130 |
| "Counting programming languages by book sales" | https://web.archive.org/web/20080517023127/http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html |
| the original | http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-131 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-132 |
| "Most Popular and Influential Programming Languages of 2018" | https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004924/https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-133 |
| "TIOBE Index" | https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-134 |
| "IEEE Spectrum" | https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2025 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201221_135-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201221–22_136-0 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201221–22_136-1 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201212_137-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201222_138-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201222–23_139-0 |
| Sebesta 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages#CITEREFSebesta2012 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programming_language&action=edit§ion=29 |
| History of programming languages § Further reading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages#Further_reading |
| Abelson, Harold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Abelson |
| Sussman, Gerald Jay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman |
| Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs | https://web.archive.org/web/20180309173822/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html |
| the original | http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html |
| Raphael Finkel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Finkel |
| Advanced Programming Language Design | https://web.archive.org/web/20141022141742/http://www.nondot.org/sabre/Mirrored/AdvProgLangDesign/ |
| Daniel P. Friedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_P._Friedman |
| Mitchell Wand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Wand |
| Christopher T. Haynes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_T._Haynes&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| Essentials of Programming Languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentials_of_Programming_Languages |
| David Gelernter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gelernter |
| Suresh Jagannathan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Jagannathan&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| The MIT Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MIT_Press |
| Ellis Horowitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Horowitz |
| Shriram Krishnamurthi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriram_Krishnamurthi |
| Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_Languages:_Application_and_Interpretation |
| online publication | https://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20210430210417/http://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ |
| Wayback Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-3-031-34144-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-34144-1 |
| Bruce J. MacLennan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_J._MacLennan&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| Oxford University Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press |
| John C. Mitchell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Mitchell |
| Cambridge University Press | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1353/tech.2014.0031 | https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.2014.0031 |
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| 0040-165X | https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X |
| JSTOR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) |
| 24468397 | https://www.jstor.org/stable/24468397 |
| PMID | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) |
| 24988794 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24988794 |
| Benjamin C. Pierce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_C._Pierce |
| Types and Programming Languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_and_Programming_Languages |
| Terrence W. Pratt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrence_W._Pratt&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| Marvin Victor Zelkowitz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Victor_Zelkowitz |
| Peter H. Salus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Salus |
| Ravi Sethi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Sethi |
| Addison-Wesley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley |
| Michael L. Scott | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_L._Scott |
| Morgan Kaufmann Publishers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-13-139531-2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-139531-2 |
| Peter Van Roy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Van_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| Seif Haridi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seif_Haridi&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepts,_Techniques,_and_Models_of_Computer_Programming |
| David A. Watt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Watt |
| Muffy Thomas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muffy_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 0-201-71012-9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-71012-9 |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Computer_science |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science |
| Computer science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science |
| ACM Computing Classification System | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System |
| Hardware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware |
| Printed circuit board | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board |
| Peripheral | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral |
| Integrated circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit |
| Very-large-scale integration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration |
| System on a chip | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip |
| Energy consumption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing |
| Electronic design automation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation |
| Hardware acceleration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_acceleration |
| Processor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_(computing) |
| Size | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories |
| Form | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(design) |
| Computer architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture |
| Computational complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity |
| Dependability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependability |
| Embedded system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system |
| Real-time computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computing |
| Cyber-physical system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-physical_system |
| Fault tolerance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tolerance |
| Wireless sensor network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network |
| Networks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network |
| Network architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_architecture |
| Network protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol |
| Network components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardware |
| Network scheduler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_scheduler |
| Network performance evaluation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_performance |
| Network service | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_service |
| Interpreter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing) |
| Middleware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware |
| Virtual machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine |
| Operating system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system |
| Software quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality |
| Software notations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_theory |
| tools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool |
| Programming paradigm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
| Compiler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler_construction |
| Domain-specific language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language |
| Modeling language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language |
| Software framework | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_framework |
| Integrated development environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment |
| Software configuration management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_configuration_management |
| Software library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing) |
| Software repository | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_repository |
| Software development | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development |
| Control flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow |
| Software development process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process |
| Requirements analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_analysis |
| Software design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design |
| Software construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_construction |
| Software deployment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_deployment |
| Software engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering |
| Software maintenance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance |
| Programming team | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_team |
| Open-source model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software |
| Theory of computation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation |
| Model of computation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_of_computation |
| Stochastic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_computing |
| Formal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language |
| Automata theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata_theory |
| Computability theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_theory |
| Computational complexity theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory |
| Logic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science |
| Semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science) |
| Algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm |
| Algorithm design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm_design |
| Analysis of algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms |
| Algorithmic efficiency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency |
| Randomized algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithm |
| Computational geometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_geometry |
| computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing |
| Discrete mathematics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics |
| Probability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability |
| Statistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics |
| Mathematical software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_software |
| Information theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory |
| Mathematical analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis |
| Numerical analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis |
| Theoretical computer science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science |
| Computational problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_problem |
| Information systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system |
| Database management system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database |
| Information storage systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage |
| Enterprise information system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_information_system |
| Social information systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software |
| Geographic information system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system |
| Decision support system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system |
| Process control system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_process_control |
| Multimedia information system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_database |
| Data mining | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining |
| Digital library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library |
| Computing platform | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform |
| Digital marketing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_marketing |
| World Wide Web | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web |
| Information retrieval | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval |
| Security | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security |
| Cryptography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography |
| Formal methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods |
| Security hacker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_hacker |
| Security services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication) |
| Intrusion detection system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system |
| Hardware security | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_security |
| Network security | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_security |
| Information security | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security |
| Application security | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_security |
| Human-centered computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_computing |
| Interaction design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_design |
| Augmented reality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality |
| Virtual reality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality |
| Social computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_computing |
| Ubiquitous computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing |
| Visualization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualization_(graphics) |
| Accessibility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_accessibility |
| Human–computer interaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction |
| Mobile computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing |
| Concurrency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science) |
| Concurrent computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing |
| Parallel computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing |
| Distributed computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing |
| Multithreading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture) |
| Multiprocessing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing |
| Artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence |
| Natural language processing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing |
| Knowledge representation and reasoning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
| Computer vision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision |
| Automated planning and scheduling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling |
| Search methodology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization |
| Control method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory |
| Philosophy of artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence |
| Distributed artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence |
| Machine learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning |
| Supervised learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_learning |
| Unsupervised learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsupervised_learning |
| Reinforcement learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning |
| Multi-task learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-task_learning |
| Cross-validation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics) |
| Graphics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics |
| Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation |
| Rendering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics) |
| Photograph manipulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph_manipulation |
| Graphics processing unit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit |
| Image compression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression |
| Solid modeling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling |
| Quantum computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing |
| E-commerce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce |
| Enterprise software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_software |
| Computational mathematics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_mathematics |
| Computational physics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics |
| Computational chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry |
| Computational biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology |
| Computational social science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_social_science |
| Computational engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_engineering |
| Differentiable computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing |
| Computational healthcare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics |
| Digital art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art |
| Electronic publishing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing |
| Cyberwarfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare |
| Electronic voting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting |
| Video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game |
| Word processing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor |
| Operations research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research |
| Educational technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology |
| Document management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_management_system |
| Thermodynamic computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_computing |
| Category | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_science |
| Outline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science |
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| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Types_of_programming_languages |
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| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_programming_languages |
| Types of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
| Machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code |
| Assembly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
| Compiled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiled_language |
| Interpreted | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language |
| Low-level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level_programming_language |
| High-level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language |
| Very high-level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high-level_programming_language |
| Esoteric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
| Generation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_generations |
| First | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-generation_programming_language |
| Second | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_programming_language |
| Third | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_language |
| Fourth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language |
| Fifth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Programming_languages |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages |
| Comparison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages |
| Timeline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages |
| History | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
| Ada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language) |
| ALGOL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL |
| Simula | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simula |
| APL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language) |
| Assembly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language |
| BASIC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC |
| Visual Basic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic |
| classic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic) |
| .NET | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET) |
| C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
| C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B |
| C# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language) |
| COBOL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL |
| Erlang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language) |
| Elixir | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language) |
| Forth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_(programming_language) |
| Fortran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran |
| Go | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
| Haskell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell |
| Java | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
| JavaScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript |
| Julia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(programming_language) |
| Kotlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin |
| Lisp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language) |
| Lua | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua |
| MATLAB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB |
| ML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_(programming_language) |
| Caml | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caml |
| OCaml | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml |
| Standard ML | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML |
| Pascal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language) |
| Object Pascal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Pascal |
| Perl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl |
| Raku | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raku_(programming_language) |
| PHP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP |
| Prolog | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog |
| Python | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
| R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
| Ruby | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language) |
| Rust | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language) |
| SAS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_language |
| SQL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL |
| Scratch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language) |
| Shell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script |
| Smalltalk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk |
| Swift | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(programming_language) |
| more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages |
| Alphabetical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages |
| Categorical | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type |
| Generational | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages |
| Non-English-based | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages |
| Category | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Programming_languages |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Computer_language |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_language |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_language |
| computer language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_language |
| Architecture description | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_description_language |
| Data exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_exchange#Data_exchange_languages |
| Hardware description | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_description_language |
| Knowledge representation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_language |
| Markup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language |
| Modeling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language |
| Query | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language |
| Shading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shading_language |
| Specification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_language |
| Stylesheet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_language |
| Transformation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_language |
| Category:Lists of computer languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_computer_languages |
| Category:Lists of programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_programming_languages |
| List of programming languages by type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type |
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| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg |
| Media | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Programming_languages |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg |
| Quotations | https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Programming_languages |
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