René's URL Explorer Experiment


Title: Operating system - Wikipedia

Open Graph Title: Operating system - Wikipedia

Generator: MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8

direct link

Domain: en.wikipedia.org

Hey, it has json ld scripts: 
{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Operating system","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operating_system","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9135","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9135","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-15T17:11:37Z","dateModified":"2026-06-29T13:24:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e1\/Operating_system_placement.svg","headline":"software that manages computer hardware resources"}
referrerorigin-when-cross-origin
format-detectiontelephone=no
og:imagehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Operating_system_placement.svg/960px-Operating_system_placement.svg.png
og:image:width811
og:image:height1200
og:typewebsite

Links:

Jump to contenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#bodyContent
Main pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Contentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents
Current eventshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events
Random articlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random
About Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About
Contact ushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
Helphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents
Learn to edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction
Community portalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal
Recent changeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges
Upload filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard
Special pageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Search https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search
Donatehttps://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Create accounthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Operating+system
Log inhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Operating+system
Donatehttps://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Create accounthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Operating+system
Log inhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Operating+system
(Top) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
1 Definition and purpose https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Definition_and_purpose
2 Types of operating systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Types_of_operating_systems
2.1 Multicomputer operating systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Multicomputer_operating_systems
2.2 Distributed systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Distributed_systems
2.3 Embedded https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Embedded
2.4 Real-time https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Real-time
2.5 Hypervisor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Hypervisor
2.6 Library https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Library
3 History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#History
3.1 Microcomputers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Microcomputers
4 Components https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Components
4.1 Kernel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Kernel
4.1.1 Program execution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Program_execution
4.1.2 Interrupts https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Interrupts
4.1.2.1 Software interrupt https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Software_interrupt
4.1.2.2 Signal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Signal
4.1.2.3 Hardware interrupt https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Hardware_interrupt
4.1.3 Input/output https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Input/output
4.1.3.1 Drivers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Drivers
4.1.3.2 Interrupt-driven I/O https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Interrupt-driven_I/O
4.1.3.3 Direct memory access https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Direct_memory_access
4.1.4 Memory management https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Memory_management
4.1.5 Virtual memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Virtual_memory
4.2 Concurrency https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Concurrency
4.3 File system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#File_system
4.4 Networking https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Networking
4.5 Security https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Security
4.6 User interface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#User_interface
5 Operating system development as a hobby https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Operating_system_development_as_a_hobby
6 Diversity of operating systems and portability https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Diversity_of_operating_systems_and_portability
7 Popular operating systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Popular_operating_systems
7.1 Linux https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Linux
7.2 Microsoft Windows https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Microsoft_Windows
8 See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#See_also
9 Notes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Notes
10 References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#References
11 Further reading https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Further_reading
12 External links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#External_links
Acèhhttps://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS
Afrikaanshttps://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedryfstelsel_(inligtingstegnologie)
Alemannischhttps://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebssystem
አማርኛhttps://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B0%E1%88%AA
Aragonéshttps://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo
Ænglischttps://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weorcendebyrdness
العربيةhttps://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84
مصرىhttps://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84
অসমীয়াhttps://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE
Asturianuhttps://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativu
Azərbaycancahttps://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fm%C9%99liyyat_sistemi
تۆرکجهhttps://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C
Башҡортсаhttps://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
Žemaitėškahttps://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoperac%C4%97n%C4%97_s%C4%97stema
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0
Беларускаяhttps://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0
Българскиhttps://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
भोजपुरीhttps://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE
ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏhttps://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
বাংলাhttps://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE
Brezhoneghttps://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reizhiad_korvoi%C3%B1
Bosanskihttps://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativni_sistem
Буряадhttps://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D
Catalàhttps://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operatiu
閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8F%CC%A4-c%C3%A1uk_hi%C3%AA-t%C5%ABng
Нохчийнhttps://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
کوردیhttps://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C
Češtinahttps://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m
Kaszëbsczihttps://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92peracjow%C3%B4_systema
Чӑвашлаhttps://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8
Cymraeghttps://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_weithredu
Danskhttps://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styresystem
Deutschhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebssystem
Zazakihttps://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemo_operatif
Ελληνικάhttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1
Emiliàn e rumagnòlhttps://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistamma_operat%C3%AEv
Esperantohttps://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaciumo
Españolhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo
Eestihttps://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatsioonis%C3%BCsteem
Euskarahttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_eragile
فارسیhttps://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84
Suomihttps://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4
Võrohttps://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%B5rats%27oonis%C3%BCstem
Françaishttps://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27exploitation
Nordfriiskhttps://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriifs%C3%BCsteem
Furlanhttps://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisteme_operat%C3%AEf
Gaeilgehttps://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_oibri%C3%BAch%C3%A1in
Galegohttps://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo
گیلکیhttps://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84
Avañe'ẽhttps://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apopyvusu_oku%27%C3%A9va
客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngîhttps://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok-ngia%CC%8Dp_h%C3%AC-th%C3%BAng
עבריתhttps://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94
हिन्दीhttps://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0
Fiji Hindihttps://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
Hrvatskihttps://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacijski_sustav
Hornjoserbscehttps://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BA%C4%9B%C5%82owy_system
Magyarhttps://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_rendszer
Հայերենhttps://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3
Interlinguahttps://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_de_operation
Bahasa Indonesiahttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi
Interlinguehttps://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativ_systema
Ilokanohttps://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ti_panangpaandar
Idohttps://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funcionanta_sistemo
Íslenskahttps://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BDrikerfi
Italianohttps://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo
日本語https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0
Jawahttps://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi_komputer
ქართულიhttps://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90
Qaraqalpaqshahttps://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaciyal%C4%B1q_sistema
Taqbaylithttps://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagraw_n_wammud
Қазақшаhttps://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80
ಕನ್ನಡhttps://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8
한국어https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C
کٲشُرhttps://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%90%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%8E%D9%85
Ripoarischhttps://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriefsystem
Kurdîhttps://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_xebitandin%C3%AA
Комиhttps://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
Кыргызчаhttps://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC
Latinahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_internum
Lëtzebuergeschhttps://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betribssystem
Lingua Franca Novahttps://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_opera
Ligurehttps://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scistema_%C3%B2perativo
Lombardhttps://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativ
Lingálahttps://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A1mbwisi-mokonzi
ລາວhttps://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99
Lietuviųhttps://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacin%C4%97_sistema
Latviešuhttps://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C4%93t%C4%81jsist%C4%93ma
Madhurâhttps://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi
Malagasyhttps://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpandrindra_milina
Олык марийhttps://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5
Minangkabauhttps://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi
Македонскиhttps://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC
മലയാളംhttps://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82
Монголhttps://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC
मराठीhttps://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80
Bahasa Melayuhttps://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pengendalian
Mirandéshttps://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ouperatibo
မြန်မာဘာသာhttps://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA
Plattdüütschhttps://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriefssystem
नेपाल भाषाhttps://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE
Nederlandshttps://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besturingssysteem
Norsk nynorskhttps://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystem
Norsk bokmålhttps://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystem
Occitanhttps://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_operatiu
ଓଡ଼ିଆhttps://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%AE
ਪੰਜਾਬੀhttps://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE
Pälzischhttps://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebssystem
Polskihttps://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_operacyjny
Piemontèishttps://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Operativ
پنجابیhttps://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85
پښتوhttps://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%86%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%85
Portuguêshttps://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativo
Runa Simihttps://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamk%27achiq_sistima
ရခိုင်https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA
Românăhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_operare
Русскийhttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
Русиньскыйhttps://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
Саха тылаhttps://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
Sarduhttps://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operativu
Scotshttps://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatin_seestem
سنڌيhttps://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%85
Davvisámegiellahttps://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatiivavuog%C3%A1dat
Sängöhttps://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%E2%80%99exploitation
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиhttps://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativni_sistem
တႆးhttps://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87
සිංහලhttps://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92
Simple Englishhttps://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
Slovenčinahttps://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m
سرائیکیhttps://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85
Slovenščinahttps://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacijski_sistem
Soomaaligahttps://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
Shqiphttps://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_operativ
Српски / srpskihttps://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC
Sundahttps://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_Operasi
Svenskahttps://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystem
Kiswahilihttps://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfumo_wa_uendeshaji
Ślůnskihttps://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoperacyjno_systyma
தமிழ்https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D
తెలుగుhttps://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D
Тоҷикӣhttps://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82%D3%A3
ไทยhttps://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3
Tagaloghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
Toki ponahttps://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ilo_kon_lawa
Türkçehttps://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fletim_sistemi
Татарча / tatarçahttps://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurchehttps://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%BA%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89
Українськаhttps://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
اردوhttps://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85
Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаhttps://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishlatuv_tizimi
Vènetohttps://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_oparadivo
Tiếng Việthttps://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u_h%C3%A0nh
Walonhttps://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistinme_d%27_operance
Winarayhttps://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_operatiba
Wolofhttps://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosteg_doxiin
吴语https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F
მარგალურიhttps://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90
ייִדישhttps://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9D
Yorùbáhttps://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_System
閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gíhttps://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok-gia%CC%8Dp_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng
粵語https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1
中文https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F
IsiZuluhttps://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlelomgidinga
Edit linkshttps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9135#sitelinks-wikipedia
Articlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
Talkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Operating_system
Readhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
View sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=edit
View historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=history
Readhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
View sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=edit
View historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=history
What links herehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Operating_system
Related changeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Operating_system
Upload filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Permanent linkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&oldid=1361683902
Page informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=info
Cite this pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Operating_system&id=1361683902&wpFormIdentifier=titleform
Get shortened URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOperating_system
Download as PDFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Operating_system&action=show-download-screen
Printable versionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&printable=yes
Abstract Wikipediahttps://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q9135
Wikimedia Commonshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operating_systems
Wikibookshttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Operating_System_Design
Wikinewshttps://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Operating_system
Wikidata itemhttps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9135
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi
Process managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(computing)
Interruptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
Memory managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management
File systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
Device drivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
Networkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
Securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security
Input/outputhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output
vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OS
thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OS
ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OS
system softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software
computer hardwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware
softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software
serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing)
computer programshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-1
Time-sharinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing
schedule taskshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduler_(computing)
processor timehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)
mass storagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage
input and outputhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_and_output
memory allocationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_allocation
[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-2
[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-3
system callshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
interruptedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
web servershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server
supercomputershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer
[update]https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=edit
Androidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
Microsoft Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
iOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
iPadOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS
macOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
Linuxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
[4]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-gs.statcounter.com-4
Linux distributionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
[5]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-auto-5
[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-6
embeddedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
Security-focused operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system
light-weight Linux distributionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution
OEMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEM
live CDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD
USBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive
[7]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20234-7
layer of softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_layer
applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software
[8]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20146-8
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
[7]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20234-7
[9]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.20186-9
system programshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software
[9]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.20186-9
[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147-10
central processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory
[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147-10
personal computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
[11]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20149–10-11
[12]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20236–7-12
[13]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201410-13
hardwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware
[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147-10
[14]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20235-14
Virtualizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization
virtual memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
[15]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201411-15
[16]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147,_9,_13-16
[17]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201412–13-17
multiprocessorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessor
multicomputerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicomputer
cluster computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_computer
has its own memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_memory
[18]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023557-18
cloud computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
[19]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023558-19
[20]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023565-20
packetshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packet
[21]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023562-21
multiqueuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiqueue&action=edit&redlink=1
queueshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_queue
[22]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023563-22
remote direct memory accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_direct_memory_access
[20]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023565-20
remote procedure callshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_procedure_call
procedurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming
[23]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023569-23
distributed shared memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory
virtualizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization
[24]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023571-24
distributed systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_system
networkedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
[25]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023579-25
Middlewarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware
[26]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023581-26
Embedded operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_system
embedded computer systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
internet of thingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
kilobyteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobytes
[27]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202337–38-27
smart cardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cards
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202339-28
Embedded Linuxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Linux
QNXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNX
VxWorkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VxWorks
RIOThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIOT_(operating_system)
TinyOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOS
[29]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338-29
real-time operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system
eventshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(computing)
manufacturinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing
avionicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics
[29]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338-29
[29]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338-29
eCoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECos
[29]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338-29
hypervisorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor
virtual machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine
[15]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201411-15
[30]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018701-30
[31]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018705-31
[32]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201412-32
[15]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201411-15
librarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
unikernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
[33]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-Unikernels-33
[34]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-Unikraft-Build-Process-34
single address spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_address_space_operating_system
protection domainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_ring
inlininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_expansion
context switcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
[35]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-rise-of-libOS-35
CPU cacheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache
instruction pipelinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipelining
[36]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FlexSC-36
History of operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_system_360-50_console_-_MfK_Bern.jpg
terminalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal
plugboardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plugboard
machine codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code
punch cardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_card
programming languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
[37]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20238-37
transistorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
mainframeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe
[37]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20238-37
[38]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-OSTEP_book-38
Fortran Monitor Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran_Monitor_System
IBSYShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBSYS
[39]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202310-39
IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
System/360https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/360
OS/360https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360
assembly languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language
bugshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug
multiprogramminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprogramming
input/outputhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output
memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_(computing)
[40]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202311–12-40
teleprintershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter
terminalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal
MULTICShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MULTICS
cloud computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
UNIXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX
[41]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202313–14-41
source codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
AT&Thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T
System Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V
University of Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley
Berkeley Software Distributionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution
[42]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202314–15-42
IEEEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE
POSIXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
application programming interfaceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface
MINIXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX
free softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
Linuxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
Intelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel
microchipshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchips
data centershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center
Androidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
[43]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202315-43
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MS-Dos_screenshot.png
Command-line interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
MS-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:System_1_File_Edit.png
Graphical user interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
Macintoshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh
large scale integrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_scale_integration
personal computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
microcomputershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer
[44]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202315–16-44
CP/Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
[45]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202316-45
disk operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_operating_system
Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
IBM PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS
MS-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
IBM PC compatiblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible
[45]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202316-45
graphical user interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
Applehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.
Macintoshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh
user friendlyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_friendly
command-line interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows
Windows NThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT
VAX/VMShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX/VMS
legal settlementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_settlement
[46]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202317-46
market sharehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share
enterprise systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_system
mobile deviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device
[47]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202318-47
Symbian OShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OS
BlackBerry OShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OS
iOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
iPhoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone
Androidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
Bionichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)
[48]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202319–20-48
DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Operating_System
softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software
Kernel (operating system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
protectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_ring
malicious softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_software
[49]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201439–40-49
[50]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20232-50
user modehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_mode
unrestricted powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(computing)
[51]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201441,_45-51
memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory
input/outputhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output
[52]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201452–53-52
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kernel_Layout.svg
processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
OS/360 and successorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360_and_successors
Interrupthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
interrupthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
aborthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort_(computing)
exceptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling
signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(IPC)
[53]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388_quote1-53
[54]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-Hyde_1996-54
central processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
control flowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow
interrupt handlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler
[55]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p308_a-55
[56]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p32_a-56
central processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
context switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
[57]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch4-p105-57
[a]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-58
[58]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p31-59
[58]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p31-59
[58]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p31-59
processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
[53]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388_quote1-53
central processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
[59]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p30-60
[60]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388_quote2-61
interrupt service routinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler
time slicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing)#Time_slice
context switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
[61]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388_quote3-62
computer programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program
[62]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388-63
machine instructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code
[62]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388-63
division by zerohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_by_zero
accessing an invalid memory addresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault
[62]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388-63
Usershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)
[62]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388-63
command-line environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
Control-Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-C
[62]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p388-63
x86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
INThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INT_(x86_instruction)
assembly languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language
[63]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-intel-developer-64
hexadecimalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
interrupt vector tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table
Unix-likehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
system callhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(IPC)
[64]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-duos-p200-65
process identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier
mnemonichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic
[b]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-66
[65]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-lpi-ch20-p400-67
[64]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-duos-p200-65
[66]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p308_b-68
reader/writer problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writers_problem
[67]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-p182-69
shellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
[68]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-usp-ch6-p153-70
command-linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
[69]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-usp-ch6-p148-71
ready queuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue
[70]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-usp-ch6-p149-72
[70]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-usp-ch6-p149-72
[64]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-duos-p200-65
Input/outputhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output
deviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral
waithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_waiting
pollinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_(computer_science)
[71]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p292-73
Direct memory accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access
main memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory
[72]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-A22-6821-7-storage-74
[c]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-75
[73]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p294-76
[d]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-77
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg
making an edit requesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AOperating_system&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit§ion=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+fully-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+29+June+2026&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Operating+system
adding missing informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=edit§ion=
device drivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_drivers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg
making an edit requesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AOperating_system&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit§ion=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+fully-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+29+June+2026&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Operating+system
adding missing informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=edit§ion=
computer userhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)
mousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse
cursorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)
[73]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p294-76
[74]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-78
hard disk driveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive
solid-state driveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive
magnetic tapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape
channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_I/O
direct memory accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access
[75]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-79
computer programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program
system callhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
registershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register
program counterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_counter
process control blockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control_block
[76]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p32_b-80
[77]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p34-81
memory addresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address
memory bufferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory
[66]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p308_b-68
[78]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p295-82
[78]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p295-82
machine instructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code
context switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
ready queuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue
interrupt requesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_(PC_architecture)
[79]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p309-83
program counterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_counter
status registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_register
call stackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack
[58]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p31-59
[79]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p309-83
interrupt vector tablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table
time slicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing)#time_slice
[80]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-sco-ch5-p310-84
[58]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-osc-ch2-p31-59
Memory managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
crashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(computing)
Memory protectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
memory segmentationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_segmentation
paginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging
80286https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80286
protected modehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode
supervisor modehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor_mode
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
segmentation violationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_violation
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
general protection faulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_protection_fault
Virtual memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
Page faulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virtual_memory.svg
[e]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-85
§ Memory managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Memory_management
page faulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault
swappinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging
[81]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-Operating_System-86
Computer multitaskinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
Process management (computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(computing)
Concurrencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)
[82]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014129-87
[83]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018159-88
Threadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)
[84]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014130-89
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014131-90
context switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
thread control blockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_control_block
[86]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014157,_159-91
cooperative multitaskinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking
interrupthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
preemptive multitaskinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking
[87]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014139-92
program counterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_counter
registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register
stackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack-based_memory_allocation
heaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_memory
[88]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018160-93
[89]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014183-94
[90]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018162-95
[91]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018162–163-96
Parallelismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing
[92]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018164-97
File systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
Virtual file systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolphin_FileManager.png
File systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
directorieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)
volatilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_memory
dynamic random-access memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory
crashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(computing)
power failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_failure
non-volatilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory
[93]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014492,_517-98
[94]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023259–260-99
hard drivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drive
magnetic diskshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_disk
flash memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory
solid-state drivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive
[95]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014517,_530-100
[96]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023260-101
File systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
abstractionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction
filenameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filenames
metadatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata
amortizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amortization_(computer_science)
checksumshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksums
corruptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_corruption
[97]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014492–493-102
directorieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)
[98]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014496-103
file pathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_path
root directoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_directory
subdirectorieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdirectories
[99]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014496–497-104
[100]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023274–275-105
System callshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
wrappedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrapper_function
[101]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014502–504-106
cachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_(computing)
prefetchinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefetching
[102]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014507-107
Device drivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
input/outputhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output
[103]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014508-108
[104]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023359-109
dictionaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_array
data blockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_block
[105]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014545-110
indexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_index
treehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)
[106]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014546-111
maphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_(data_structure)
bitmaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap
[106]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014546-111
fragmentationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_fragmentation
[107]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014547-112
[108]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014589,_591-113
[109]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014591–592-114
redundant array of inexpensive diskshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundant_array_of_inexpensive_disks
[110]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023385–386-115
[111]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014592-116
checksumshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksums
[111]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014592-116
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg
making an edit requesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AOperating_system&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit§ion=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+fully-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+29+June+2026&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Operating+system
adding missing informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=edit§ion=
network stackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_stack
TCP/IPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP
Computer securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security
[112]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023605–606-117
CIA triadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad
denial of service attackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_service_attack
[113]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023608-118
security domainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_domain
virtual machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine
[114]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023609-119
attack surfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_surface
principle of least authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_authority
privilege separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_separation
[115]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023609–610-120
monolithic kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
microkernelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel
[116]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023612-121
Unikernelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
[116]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023612-121
Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
C++https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B
buffer overflowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow
bounds checkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds_checking
[117]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023648,_657-122
caused by CPU optimizationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_execution_CPU_vulnerabilities
[118]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023668–669,_674-123
back doorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)
[119]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023679–680-124
[120]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023605,_617–618-125
formal verificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification
hardeninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)
[121]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023681–682-126
address space layout randomizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization
control-flow integrityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-flow_integrity
[122]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023683-127
access restrictionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access-control_list
[123]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023685-128
[124]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023689-129
[125]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichetBouaynaya202392-130
code reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review
type checkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_checking
[126]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichetBouaynaya202392–93-131
[127]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerntssoStrandénWarg2017130–131-132
Andrew S. Tanenbaumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum
source codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
security by obscurityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_by_obscurity
[128]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023611-133
Operating system user interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
user interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
command-line interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
graphical user interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
WIMPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIMP_(computing)
smartphoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone
tablet computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer
workstationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation
keyboardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_technology
mousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)
trackpadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackpad
touchscreenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen
[129]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023396,_402-134
[130]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023395,_408-135
[131]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023402-136
Hobbyist operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system
[132]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-137
homebrewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club
single-board computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer
6502 microprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502
Syllablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_Desktop
TempleOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TempleOS
portedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ported
maintainedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance
software platformshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_platform
Javahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)
Qthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(software)
system librarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_library
POSIXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
OS abstraction layershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system_abstraction_layer
Usage share of operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
Comparison of operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems
[update]https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&action=edit
Androidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
Microsoft Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
iOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
iPadOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS
macOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
Linuxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
mobile operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system
[4]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-gs.statcounter.com-4
Linuxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Layers_of_a_Linux_system.png
Layershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_layer
Linuxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
free softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
GNU General Public Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License
source codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
[133]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018779–780-138
[134]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023713–714-139
microkernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel
[135]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018780-140
Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
[136]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-141
UNIX System Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V
BSDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD
supporting multiple usershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiuser
preemptive multitaskinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking
MBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytes
RAMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM
multiprocessorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessor
[135]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018780-140
distributionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
system librarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_library
system utilitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_utilities
[137]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018781-142
graphical user interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
command linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line
[138]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023715–716-143
Androidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
smartphoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphones
embedded systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
smart watcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_watch
automotive dashboardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Automotive
medical deviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_devices
home applianceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance
[139]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023793–794-144
Javahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)
object-oriented designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_design
[140]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023793-145
Microsoft Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_a_security_descriptor_for_a_file_on_Windows.png
[141]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231021–1022-146
proprietaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary
workstationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation
enterprise servershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_server
Xboxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox
[142]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023871-147
energy efficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_efficiency_in_operating_systems&action=edit&redlink=1
dynamic deviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_device&action=edit&redlink=1
[143]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018826-148
Windows Executivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Executive
kernel-mode objectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Manager_(Windows)
[144]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231035-149
demand paginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_paging
virtual memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
device drivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_drivers
Windows Driver Modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model
[144]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231035-149
NTFShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS
recordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(computer_science)
metadatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata
[145]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231036-150
preemptive multitaskinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking
[146]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018821-151
[147]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018827-152
access-control listshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access-control_list
integrity levelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_integrity_level
[145]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231036-150
Comparison of operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems
DBOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBOS
Interruptible operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interruptible_operating_system
List of operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
List of pioneers in computer sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science
Glossary of operating systems termshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_operating_systems_terms
Microcontrollerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller
Network operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_operating_system
Object-oriented operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system
Lisp machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_machine
Operating System Projectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_System_Projects
System Commanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Commander
System imagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_image
Timeline of operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-58
https://wiki.osdev.org/SYSENTERhttps://wiki.osdev.org/SYSENTER
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-66
SIGINThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(IPC)#SIGINT
SIGSEGVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSEGV
SIGBUShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGBUS
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-75
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-77
motherboardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard
SCSI RDMA Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI_RDMA_Protocol
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-85
keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection#Protection_keys
ringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection#Protection_rings
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-1
arXivhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)
2411.17710https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.17710
cs.DChttps://arxiv.org/archive/cs.DC
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-2
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-3
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-gs.statcounter.com_4-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-gs.statcounter.com_4-1
"Operating System Market Share Worldwide"https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-auto_5-0
"VII. Special-Purpose Systems"https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-471-69466-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-69466-3
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-6
"Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English"https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20234_7-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20234_7-1
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20146_8-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.20186_9-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.20186_9-1
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147_10-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147_10-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147_10-2
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20149–10_11-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20236–7_12-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201410_13-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20235_14-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201411_15-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201411_15-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201411_15-2
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin20147,_9,_13_16-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201412–13_17-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023557_18-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023558_19-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023565_20-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023565_20-1
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023562_21-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023563_22-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023569_23-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023571_24-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023579_25-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023581_26-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202337–38_27-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202339_28-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338_29-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338_29-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338_29-2
dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202338_29-3
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018701_30-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018705_31-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201412_32-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-Unikernels_33-0
"Unikernels: Rise of the Virtual Library Operating System: What if all the software layers in a virtual appliance were compiled within the same safe, high-level language framework?"https://doi.org/10.1145/2557963.2566628
doihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)
10.1145/2557963.2566628https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2557963.2566628
ISSNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)
1542-7730https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1542-7730
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-Unikraft-Build-Process_34-0
"Build Process - Unikraft"https://unikraft.org/docs/concepts/build-process
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20240422183734/https://unikraft.org/docs/concepts/build-process
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-rise-of-libOS_35-0
"Leave your OS at home: the rise of library operating systems"https://www.sigarch.org/leave-your-os-at-home-the-rise-of-library-operating-systems/
ACM SIGARCHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_SIGARCH
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20240301072916/https://www.sigarch.org/leave-your-os-at-home-the-rise-of-library-operating-systems/
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FlexSC_36-0
FlexSC: Flexible System Call Scheduling with Exception-Less System Callshttps://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi10/flexsc-flexible-system-call-scheduling-exception-less-system-calls
OSDI '10, 9th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementationhttps://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi10/
USENIXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENIX
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20238_37-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20238_37-1
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-OSTEP_book_38-0
Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieceshttp://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20160725012948/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202310_39-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202311–12_40-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202313–14_41-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202314–15_42-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202315_43-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202315–16_44-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202316_45-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202316_45-1
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202317_46-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202318_47-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos202319–20_48-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201439–40_49-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20232_50-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201441,_45_51-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin201452–53_52-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_quote1_53-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_quote1_53-1
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-59327-220-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-220-3
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-Hyde_1996_54-0
"Chapter Seventeen: Interrupts, Traps and Exceptions (Part 1)"https://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.artofasm.com/DOS/ch17/CH17-1.html#HEADING1-0
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20211222205623/https://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.artofasm.com/DOS/ch17/CH17-1.html#HEADING1-0
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p308_a_55-0
Structured Computer Organization, Third Editionhttps://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/308
308https://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/308
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-854662-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-854662-5
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p32_a_56-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-50480-4
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch4-p105_57-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-50480-4
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p31_59-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p31_59-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p31_59-2
dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p31_59-3
ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p31_59-4
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-50480-4
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p30_60-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-50480-4
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_quote2_61-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-59327-220-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-220-3
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_quote3_62-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-59327-220-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-220-3
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_63-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_63-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_63-2
dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_63-3
ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p388_63-4
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-59327-220-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-220-3
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-intel-developer_64-0
"Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual"https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developer-instruction-set-reference-manual-325383.pdf
Intel Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20220323231921/https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developer-instruction-set-reference-manual-325383.pdf
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-duos-p200_65-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-duos-p200_65-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-duos-p200_65-2
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
0-13-201799-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-201799-7
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-lpi-ch20-p400_67-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-59327-220-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-220-3
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p308_b_68-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p308_b_68-1
Structured Computer Organization, Third Editionhttps://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/308
308https://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/308
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-854662-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-854662-5
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-p182_69-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-50480-4
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-usp-ch6-p153_70-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
0-201-12919-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-12919-1
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-usp-ch6-p148_71-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
0-201-12919-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-12919-1
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-usp-ch6-p149_72-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-usp-ch6-p149_72-1
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
0-201-12919-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-12919-1
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p292_73-0
Structured Computer Organization, Third Editionhttps://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/292
292https://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/292
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-854662-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-854662-5
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-A22-6821-7-storage_74-0
"Main Storage"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/princOps/A22-6821-7_360PrincOpsDec67.pdf#page=8
IBM System/360 Principles of Operationhttp://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/princOps/A22-6821-7_360PrincOpsDec67.pdf
archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20220319083255/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/princOps/A22-6821-7_360PrincOpsDec67.pdf
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p294_76-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p294_76-1
Structured Computer Organization, Third Editionhttps://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/294
294https://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/294
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-854662-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-854662-5
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-78
"Program Interrupt Controller (PIC)"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/F-75_PDP-7userHbk_Jun65.pdf#page=62
Users Handbook - PDP-7http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/F-75_PDP-7userHbk_Jun65.pdf
Digital Equipment Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation
48http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/F-75_PDP-7userHbk_Jun65.pdf#page=63
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20220510164742/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/F-75_PDP-7userHbk_Jun65.pdf
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-79
PDP-1 Input-Output Systems Manualhttp://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/F25_PDP1_IO.pdf
Digital Equipment Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20190125050839/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp1/F25_PDP1_IO.pdf
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p32_b_80-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-50480-4
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-osc-ch2-p34_81-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-50480-4
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p295_82-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p295_82-1
Structured Computer Organization, Third Editionhttps://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/295
295https://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/295
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-854662-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-854662-5
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p309_83-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p309_83-1
Structured Computer Organization, Third Editionhttps://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/309
309https://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/309
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-854662-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-854662-5
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-sco-ch5-p310_84-0
Structured Computer Organization, Third Editionhttps://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/310
310https://archive.org/details/structuredcomput00tane/page/310
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-854662-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-854662-5
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-Operating_System_86-0
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-81-203-2962-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-2962-1
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014129_87-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018159_88-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014130_89-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014131_90-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014157,_159_91-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014139_92-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018160_93-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014183_94-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018162_95-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018162–163_96-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018164_97-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014492,_517_98-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023259–260_99-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014517,_530_100-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023260_101-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014492–493_102-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014496_103-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014496–497_104-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023274–275_105-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014502–504_106-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014507_107-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014508_108-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023359_109-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014545_110-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014546_111-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014546_111-1
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014547_112-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014589,_591_113-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014591–592_114-0
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023385–386_115-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014592_116-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonDahlin2014592_116-1
Anderson & Dahlin 2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFAndersonDahlin2014
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023605–606_117-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023608_118-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023609_119-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023609–610_120-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023612_121-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023612_121-1
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023648,_657_122-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023668–669,_674_123-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023679–680_124-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023605,_617–618_125-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023681–682_126-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023683_127-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023685_128-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023689_129-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichetBouaynaya202392_130-0
Richet & Bouaynaya 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFRichetBouaynaya2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichetBouaynaya202392–93_131-0
Richet & Bouaynaya 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFRichetBouaynaya2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerntssoStrandénWarg2017130–131_132-0
Berntsso, Strandén & Warg 2017https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFBerntssoStrandénWarg2017
helphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023611_133-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023396,_402_134-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023395,_408_135-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023402_136-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-137
"My OS Is Less Hobby than Yours"https://www.osnews.com/story/22638/my-os-is-less-hobby-than-yours/
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018779–780_138-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023713–714_139-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018780_140-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018780_140-1
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-141
"Linus Torvalds prepares to move the Linux kernel to modern C"https://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-prepares-to-move-the-linux-kernel-to-modern-c/
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018781_142-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023715–716_143-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023793–794_144-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023793_145-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231021–1022_146-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos2023871_147-0
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018826_148-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231035_149-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231035_149-1
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231036_150-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanenbaumBos20231036_150-1
Tanenbaum & Bos 2023https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFTanenbaumBos2023
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018821_151-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberschatz_et_al.2018827_152-0
Silberschatz et al. 2018https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#CITEREFSilberschatz_et_al.2018
Anderson, Thomashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Anderson
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-9856735-2-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856735-2-9
doihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)
10.1147/rd.255.0471https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.255.0471
ISSNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)
0018-8646https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-8646
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-3-319-65948-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65948-0
Operating Systemshttps://archive.org/details/modernoperatings00tane
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-13-092641-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-092641-8
Prentice Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall
John Wiley & Sonshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-0-470-12872-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12872-5
IEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-84919-609-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84919-609-3
"Understanding and Managing Complex Software Vulnerabilities: An Empirical Analysis of Open-Source Operating Systems"https://doi.org/10.54695%2Fsim.28.1.0087
doihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)
10.54695/sim.28.1.0087https://doi.org/10.54695%2Fsim.28.1.0087
Operating System Conceptshttps://archive.org/details/operating-system-concepts-10th
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-119-32091-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-32091-3
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
978-1-292-72789-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-72789-9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg
operating systemhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/operating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg
Operating systemshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operating_systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg
Operating Systemshttps://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Operating_Systems
Multics Historyhttp://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/haigh.html
vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Operating_systems
thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems
ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems
Comparisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems
Forensic engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering
Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems
Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
Timelinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems
Usage sharehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
User features comparisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems
Disk operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_operating_system
Distributed operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_operating_system
Embedded operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_system
Hobbyist operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system
Just enough operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system
Mobile operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system
Network operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_operating_system
Object-oriented operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system
Real-time operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system
Supercomputer operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system
Kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
Architectureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
Exokernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exokernel
Hybridhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_kernel
Microkernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel
Monolithichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
Multikernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikernel
vkernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vkernel
Rump kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_kernel
Unikernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
Device driverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
Loadable kernel modulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module
User space and kernel spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
Process managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(computing)
Computer multitaskinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
Cooperativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking
Preemptivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing)
Context switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
Interrupthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
IPChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
Processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
Process control blockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control_block
Real-timehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system
Threadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)
Time-sharinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing
Schedulingalgorithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)
Fixed-priority preemptivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling
Multilevel feedback queuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue
Round-robinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling
Shortest job nexthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_job_next
Memory managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)
resourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_resource
Bus errorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_error
General protection faulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_protection_fault
Memory paginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_paging
Memory protectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection
Protection ringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_ring
Segmentation faulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault
Virtual memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
Storagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory
file systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
Boot loaderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER
Defragmentationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation
Device filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file
File attributehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_attribute
Inodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode
Journalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system
Partitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning
Virtual file systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system
Virtual tape libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tape_library
APIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API
Computer networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
HALhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_abstraction
Live CDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD
Live USBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_USB
Shellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
CLIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
User interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
PXEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment
vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Computer_science
thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science
ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science
Computer sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science
ACM Computing Classification Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System
Hardwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware
Printed circuit boardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board
Peripheralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral
Integrated circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit
Very-large-scale integrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration
System on a chiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip
Energy consumptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing
Electronic design automationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation
Hardware accelerationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_acceleration
Processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_(computing)
Sizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories
Formhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(design)
Computer architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
Computational complexityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity
Dependabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependability
Embedded systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
Real-time computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computing
Cyber-physical systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-physical_system
Fault tolerancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tolerance
Wireless sensor networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network
Networkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
Network architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_architecture
Network protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol
Network componentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardware
Network schedulerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_scheduler
Network performance evaluationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_performance
Network servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_service
Interpreterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)
Middlewarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware
Virtual machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine
Software qualityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality
Softwarenotationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_theory
toolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool
Programming paradigmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm
Programming languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
Compilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler_construction
Domain-specific languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language
Modeling languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language
Software frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_framework
Integrated development environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment
Software configuration managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_configuration_management
Software libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
Software repositoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_repository
Softwaredevelopmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development
Control flowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow
Software development processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process
Requirements analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_analysis
Software designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design
Software constructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_construction
Software deploymenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_deployment
Software engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering
Software maintenancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance
Programming teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_team
Open sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
Theory ofcomputinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation
Model of computationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_of_computation
Stochastichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_computing
Formal languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language
Automata theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata_theory
Computability theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_theory
Computational complexity theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory
Logichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science
Semanticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)
Algorithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm
Algorithm designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm_design
Analysis of algorithmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms
Algorithmic efficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency
Randomized algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithm
Computational geometryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_geometry
computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing
Discrete mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics
Probabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability
Statisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
Mathematical softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_software
Information theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory
Mathematical analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis
Numerical analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis
Theoretical computer sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science
Computational problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_problem
Informationsystemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system
Databasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database
Information storagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage
Enterprise informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_information_system
Social informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software
Geographic informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system
Decision supporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system
Process controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_process_control
Multimedia informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_database
Data mininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining
Digital libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library
Computing platformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform
Digital marketinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_marketing
World Wide Webhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web
Information retrievalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval
Securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security
Cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography
Formal methodshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods
Security hackerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_hacker
Securityserviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)
Intrusion detection systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system
Hardware securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_security
Network securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_security
Information securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security
Application securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_security
Human-centeredcomputinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_computing
Accessibilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_accessibility
Extended realityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_reality
augmentedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality
virtualhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality
Human–computer interactionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction
Interaction designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_design
Mobile computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing
Social computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_computing
Ubiquitous computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing
Visualizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)
Concurrencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)
Concurrent computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing
Parallel computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing
Distributed computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing
Multithreadinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)
Multiprocessinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing
Artificialintelligencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
Computational intelligencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_intelligence
Natural language processinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing
Knowledge representation and reasoninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Computer visionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision
Automated planning and schedulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling
Search methodologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization
Control methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory
Philosophy ofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence
Distributedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence
Machinelearninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
Supervisedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_learning
Unsupervisedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsupervised_learning
Reinforcementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning
Multi-taskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-task_learning
Cross-validationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)
Graphicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics
Animationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation
Renderinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)
Photograph manipulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph_manipulation
Graphics processing unithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
Image compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression
Solid modelinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling
Quantum computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing
E-commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce
Enterprise softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_software
Computational mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_mathematics
Computational physicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics
Computational chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry
Computational biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology
Computational social sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_social_science
Computational engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_engineering
Differentiable computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing
Computational healthcarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics
Digital arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art
Electronic publishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing
Cyberwarfarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare
Electronic votinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting
Video gameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game
Word processinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor
Operations researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research
Educational technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology
Document managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_management_system
Outlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science
Glossarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers
Categoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_science
Authority control databaseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135#identifiers
GNDhttps://d-nb.info/gnd/4006216-8
FASThttps://id.worldcat.org/fast/1046280
United Stateshttps://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85094982
Francehttps://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119333481
BnF datahttps://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119333481
Japanhttps://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00865121
Czech Republichttps://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115593&CON_LNG=ENG
Israelhttps://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548430005171
Yale LUXhttps://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/fdd4db0c-039b-414c-8505-5c3561688acb
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&oldid=1361683902https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&oldid=1361683902
Categoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category
Operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operating_systems
Harv and Sfn no-target errorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors
Articles with short descriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description
Short description matches Wikidatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages
Use dmy dates from July 2015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2015
Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2025https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2025
All articles containing potentially dated statementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements
Articles to be expanded from January 2026https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2026
All articles to be expandedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded
Articles to be expanded from April 2022https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_April_2022
Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2025https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2025
Commons category link is on Wikidatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License
Terms of Usehttps://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use
Privacy Policyhttps://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.https://wikimediafoundation.org/
Privacy policyhttps://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy
About Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About
Disclaimershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer
Contact Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
Legal & safety contactshttps://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information
Code of Conducthttps://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct
Developershttps://developer.wikimedia.org
Statisticshttps://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org
Cookie statementhttps://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement
Mobile viewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_system&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile
https://www.wikimedia.org/
https://www.mediawiki.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
Add topic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

Viewport: width=1120

Robots: max-image-preview:standard

URLs of crawlers that visited me.