René's URL Explorer Experiment


Title: MS-DOS - Wikipedia

Open Graph Title: MS-DOS - Wikipedia

Generator: MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8

direct link

Domain: en.wikipedia.org

Hey, it has json ld scripts: 
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og:imagehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/StartingMsdos.png
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Links:

Jump to contenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#bodyContent
Main pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Contentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents
Current eventshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events
Random articlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random
About Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About
Contact ushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
Helphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents
Learn to edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction
Community portalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal
Recent changeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges
Upload filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard
Special pageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Search https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search
Donatehttps://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Create accounthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=MS-DOS
Log inhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=MS-DOS
Donatehttps://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Create accounthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=MS-DOS
Log inhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=MS-DOS
(Top) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
1 History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#History
2 Versions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Versions
2.1 MS-DOS 1.x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_1.x
2.2 MS-DOS 2.x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_2.x
2.3 MS-DOS 3.x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_3.x
2.4 MS-DOS 4.0 / MS-DOS 4.x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_4.0_/_MS-DOS_4.x
2.5 MS-DOS 5.x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_5.x
2.6 MS-DOS 6.x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_6.x
2.7 MS-DOS 7/8 (as part of Windows 9x) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_7/8_(as_part_of_Windows_9x)
2.8 Localized versions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Localized_versions
3 Competition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Competition
4 Legal issues https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Legal_issues
5 Use of undocumented APIs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Use_of_undocumented_APIs
6 Windows command-line interface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Windows_command-line_interface
6.1 Earlier versions of Windows https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Earlier_versions_of_Windows
6.2 Windows NT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Windows_NT
7 End-of-life https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#End-of-life
7.1 Open source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Open_source
8 Legacy compatibility https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Legacy_compatibility
9 Related systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Related_systems
10 See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#See_also
11 Notes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Notes
12 References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#References
13 External links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#External_links
Afrikaanshttps://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Aragonéshttps://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
العربيةhttps://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3
مصرىhttps://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3
Asturianuhttps://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Azərbaycancahttps://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Беларускаяhttps://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Българскиhttps://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
বাংলাhttps://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8
Brezhoneghttps://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Bosanskihttps://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Catalàhttps://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
کوردیhttps://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3-%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B3
Češtinahttps://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Danskhttps://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Deutschhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Ελληνικάhttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Esperantohttps://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Españolhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Eestihttps://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Euskarahttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
فارسیhttps://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3
Suomihttps://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Võrohttps://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Føroyskthttps://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Françaishttps://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Fryskhttps://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Gaeilgehttps://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Galegohttps://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
עבריתhttps://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
हिन्दीhttps://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8.-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8
Hrvatskihttps://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Magyarhttps://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Հայերենhttps://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Bahasa Indonesiahttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Idohttps://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Íslenskahttps://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Italianohttps://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
日本語https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Jawahttps://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
ქართულიhttps://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Qaraqalpaqshahttps://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Қазақшаhttps://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
한국어https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Kurdîhttps://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Latinahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Limburgshttps://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Lombardhttps://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Lietuviųhttps://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Latviešuhttps://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Minangkabauhttps://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
മലയാളംhttps://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.-%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D
मराठीhttps://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE
Bahasa Melayuhttps://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
မြန်မာဘာသာhttps://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA-%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA
Plattdüütschhttps://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Nederlandshttps://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Norsk nynorskhttps://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Norsk bokmålhttps://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Occitanhttps://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Polskihttps://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Piemontèishttps://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Portuguêshttps://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Românăhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Русскийhttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Sarduhttps://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Scotshttps://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиhttps://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Simple Englishhttps://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Slovenčinahttps://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Slovenščinahttps://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Shqiphttps://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Српски / srpskihttps://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Svenskahttps://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Kiswahilihttps://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Ślůnskihttps://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
தமிழ்https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D
తెలుగుhttps://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D
ไทยhttps://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA
Tagaloghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Türkçehttps://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Українськаhttps://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаhttps://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Tiếng Việthttps://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
吴语https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
ייִדישhttps://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gíhttps://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
粵語https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
中文https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Edit linkshttps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47604#sitelinks-wikipedia
Articlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Talkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:MS-DOS
Readhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit
View historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=history
Readhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
Edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit
View historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=history
What links herehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/MS-DOS
Related changeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/MS-DOS
Upload filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Permanent linkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&oldid=1361715204
Page informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=info
Cite this pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=MS-DOS&id=1361715204&wpFormIdentifier=titleform
Get shortened URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMS-DOS
Download as PDFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=MS-DOS&action=show-download-screen
Printable versionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&printable=yes
Wikimedia Commonshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MS-DOS
Wikidata itemhttps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47604
DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Msdos-icon.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StartingMsdos.png
Developerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer
Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
Written inhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
x86 assemblyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_assembly_language
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-1
Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS
Closed sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_source
open sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software
[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Linfo-2
Final releasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle
Windows Mehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Me
Repositoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repository_(version_control)
github.com/microsoft/MS-DOShttps://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P1324
Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language
Package managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager
x86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
Kernelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
Monolithichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
TOPS-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS-10
CP/Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
Defaultuser interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
Command-linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
COMMAND.COMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM
texthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_user_interface
DOS Shellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_Shell
Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
Proprietaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
MIT Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License
[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-4.0-mit-relicense-3
86-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86-DOS
Windows NThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT
Windows XPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP
Internet Archive MS-DOS overviewhttps://web.archive.org/web/20160309064627/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/windows_dos_overview.mspx?mfr=true
[4]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-support.microsoft.com-4
/ˌɛmˌɛsˈdɒs/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English
em-ess-DOSShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
x86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
personal computershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
IBM PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS
disk operating systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_operating_system
IBM PC compatibleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible
graphical user interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
Microsoft Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
[5]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Jerica_Jean_Lapuz_2023-5
PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_DOS
IBM Personal Computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer
[5]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Jerica_Jean_Lapuz_2023-5
DR-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS
several competing productshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems
[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-roy-6
Intel 8086https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086
floppy diskshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk
programming languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
Windows 9xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x
[7]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Historical_Essays-7
COMMAND.COMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM
built-in commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-in_command
executablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable
filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file
pathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(variable)
citation neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=1
DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS
Timeline of DOS operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems
Comparison of DOS operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ms-dosdir.png
86-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86-DOS
[8]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-PATERSON-8
Seattle Computer Productshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products
Tim Patersonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Paterson
Digital Researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research
CP/Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
8086https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086
FAT12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT12
CP/M filesystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M_filesystem
[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Linfo-2
IBM Personal Computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer
[9]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-A_history_of_Windows-9
[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-digitalresearch.biz-10
US$https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar
[11]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-11
PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS
[12]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-12
[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Linfo-2
[13]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-freiberger19820823-13
CP/Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
same solutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M#Basic_Input_Output_System
DOS BIOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_BIOS
OEMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer
Tandy 2000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_2000
Hardware Abstraction Layerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_Abstraction_Layer
closely emulated IBM's hardwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market#Domination_of_the_clones
multi-userhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user
Unixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
Xenixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix
[14]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-swaine19820823-14
Motorola 68000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000
Zilog Z8000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z8000
LSI-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSI-11
upwardly compatiblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_compatibility
Bytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_(magazine)
[15]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-morgan198201-15
[16]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-fiedler198310-16
multi-taskinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
[17]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-iw19830627-17
breakup of the Bell Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System
AT&T Computer Systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Computer_Systems
UNIX System Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V
Santa Cruz Operationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operation
SCP MS-DOS 1.25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_MS-DOS_1.25
Altos MS-DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_MS-DOS_2.11
TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleVideo_PC_DOS_2.11
Microsoft Research License Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source
source-availablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-available
open sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software
Open Source Initiativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative
free softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
Free Software Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
[18]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Paterson_2014_MSDOS125-18
[19]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Shustek_2014_MS-DOS-19
[20]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Levin_2014_MS-DOS-20
[21]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-21
MIT Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License
open sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
[22]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-mit-relicense-22
[23]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-23
[24]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-24
[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-4.0-mit-relicense-3
[25]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-ars-4.0-release-25
[26]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-26
April Fool's Dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fool%27s_Day
Microsoft Mobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile
Windows Phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone
[27]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-mobile-27
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=2
Comparison of DOS operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems
Timeline of DOS operating systemshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems
Lifeboat Associateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_Associates
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
[29]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-29
SB-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bus
[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-roy-6
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
[29]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-29
NCR-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporation#Small_computers
Z-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DOS
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-roy-6
IBM PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS
DR-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS
PTS-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS-DOS
Eastern blochttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc
Disk Control Programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Control_Program
dehttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Control_Program
[30]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Robotron_1987_1-30
[31]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Robotron_1987_2-31
[32]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-P8000_2020-32
East Germanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German
VEB Robotronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB_Robotron
[33]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-DCP_2016-33
[34]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-34
[35]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-35
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg
[36]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-36
SCP MS-DOS 1.25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_MS-DOS_1.25
[37]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-37
[38]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-38
[39]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-39
[40]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-40
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leading_Edge_Model_D_Boot_Disk_for_MS-DOS_2.11.png
Leading Edge Model Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_Edge_Model_D
[41]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-byte198710-41
FAT12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT12
[42]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Mueller_1995_Upgrading_and_Repairing_PCs-42
[43]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-43
[44]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-44
[45]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-45
[46]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-46
[47]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-47
[48]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-48
ANSI.SYShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI.SYS
[49]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-49
[50]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Microsoft-50
[51]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-51
[52]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-52
[53]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-53
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
[54]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-54
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
Altoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_Computer_Systems
ITT Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation
[55]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-55
Olivetti M19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti_M19
[56]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-56
Tandy 1000 HXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_1000#Tandy_1000_EX_and_HX
[41]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-byte198710-41
TeleVideohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleVideo
Toshibahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba
T1000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_T1000
[57]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-57
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-28
Toshiba Pasopia 16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_Pasopia_16
[58]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-58
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEC_MS-DOS_3.3C.jpg
PC-9800 serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-9800_series
FAT16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT16
[59]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-DOS3_OS2MUSEUM-59
[60]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-60
[61]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-61
IFShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installable_File_System
[59]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-DOS3_OS2MUSEUM-59
[62]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-62
[63]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-63
XCOPYhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCOPY
[50]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Microsoft-50
Multitechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_Inc.
[64]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-64
[65]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-65
[66]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-66
HP 95LXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_95LX
[67]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-67
[68]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-68
[69]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-69
DTKhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTK_Computer
[70]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-70
Tandyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_Corporation
[71]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-71
[nb 1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-72
FAT16Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT16B
[nb 2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-73
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=6
MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)
[72]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-74
[25]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-ars-4.0-release-25
[73]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-MS-DOS_Partitioning_Summary-75
FASTOPENhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTOPEN
DOSSHELLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSSHELL
EMShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_memory
386https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I386
[74]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-DOS4_OS2MUSEUM-76
[75]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-77
[nb 3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-78
SYShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYS_(DOS_command)
[76]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-79
[77]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-80
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disquetes_instalacion_MSDOS_50.jpg
full-screen text editorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_Editor
SHAREhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_(command)
FCBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Control_Block
APIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API
[74]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-DOS4_OS2MUSEUM-76
[73]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-MS-DOS_Partitioning_Summary-75
HIMEM.SYShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIMEM.SYS
upper memory areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_memory_area
high memory areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_memory_area
primary partitionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_partition
FDISKhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDISK
AST Premium Exechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AST_Premium_Exec
codepagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codepage
[78]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-RBIL-81
[79]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-82
Version 5.50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_5.50
NTVDMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTVDM
32-bithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MS-DOS_6.22_floppy_disks_20110326.jpg
QBasichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBasic
SCANDISKhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk
CHKDSKhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHKDSK
DBLSPACEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DriveSpace
DRVSPACEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DriveSpace
[80]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-83
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MS-DOS 7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_7
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LFN driverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_filename#VFAT_LFN_drivers
IO.SYShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO.SYS
VERhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver_(command)
MS-DOS APIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_API
Windows 95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95
Windows 98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_98
FAT32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT32
logical block addressinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing
Windows Mehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Me
Windows XPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP
Windows 8.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8.1
DR-DOS 5.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_DOS_5.0
PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MS-DOS_6.2V_floppy_disks.jpg
[81]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-country-84
DOS/Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/V
RDOS 4.01https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_MS-DOS_4.01
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IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
Digital Researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research
CP/Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
[82]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-85
[83]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-86
CP/M-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M-86
Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
Executablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable
applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software
.COMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COM_file
CP/M-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M-80
relocatablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_(computing)
filename extensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension
.CMDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMD_file_(CP/M)
EXEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXE
[84]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-AllGame-87
vendor lock-inhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in
Unixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
Xenixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix
IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
Apple IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II
Machttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(computer)
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IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
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look and feelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feel
Norton Utilitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Utilities
PC Toolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Tools_(software)
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QEMMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMM
Stackerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac
disk compressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_compression
Amstrad PC1512https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_PC1512
DOS Plushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_Plus
DR-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS
fear, uncertainty, and doubthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt
Brad Silverberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Silverberg
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-undocumenteddos-88
Windows 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.0
GUIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI
Windows NThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=12
Digital Researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research
DR DOS 6.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_DOS_6.0
Stac Electronicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stac_Electronics
due diligencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_diligence
[86]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-89
Federal Trade Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission
Calderahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_(company)
Caldera v. Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_v._Microsoft
[87]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Groklaw_2009_NovellWP-90
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Microsoft's QuickPascalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Pascal
Program Segment Prefixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Segment_Prefix
QuickChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickC
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-undocumenteddos-88
AARD codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARD_code
self-modifyinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-modifying_code
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-undocumenteddos-88
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-undocumenteddos-88
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Virtual 8086https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode
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98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_98
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[88]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-91
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VirtualPChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualPC
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[update]https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit
legacy applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_applications
US Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy
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bootstrappinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)
[89]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Goldstein_2017-92
[4]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-support.microsoft.com-4
[90]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Lifecycle-93
[91]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-endofsupport-94
Windows NThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT
2000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000
XPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP
[89]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-Goldstein_2017-92
NTVDMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine#Windows_NTVDM
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[92]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-95
Windows Mehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Me
AUTOEXEC.BAThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOEXEC.BAT
CONFIG.SYShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS
[93]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-96
Windows Vistahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista
COMMAND.COMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM
Windows 10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10
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Intel 80286https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286
MSDNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDN
[94]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-97
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GitHubhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub
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[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-4.0-mit-relicense-3
[25]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-ars-4.0-release-25
[95]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-github-repo-98
[96]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-99
pull requestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull_request
MIT Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License
forkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)
[95]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-github-repo-98
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=19
graphical user interfaceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
[97]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-100
citation neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed
Microsoft Windows 1.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_1.0
[98]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-101
[99]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-102
GEMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEM_(desktop_environment)
[100]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-103
Windows 9xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x
[101]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-104
Windows NThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT
NTVDMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTVDM
legacy applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_applications
[102]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-105
Windows 11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_11
[103]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-106
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=20
DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS
IBM PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS
DR-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS
Novell DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_DOS
OpenDOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDOS
FreeDOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeDOS
PTS-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS-DOS
ROM-DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM-DOS
IBM PC DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS
Digital Researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research
[104]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-107
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-undocumenteddos-88
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-undocumenteddos-88
[85]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_note-undocumenteddos-88
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=21
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg
Computer programming portalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming
4DOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4DOS
Bad command or file namehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_command_or_file_name
DOSBoxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox
DOS memory managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_memory_management
History of Microsoft Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Windows
Index of DOS gameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_DOS_games
List of DOS commandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands
OS/2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2
Tao ExDOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_ExDOS
FM Townshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_Towns
Win32 consolehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32_console
Quick Menuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Menu
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=22
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-72
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-73
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-78
edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit§ion=23
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-1
Paterson, Timhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Paterson
"An Inside Look at MS-DOS"https://web.archive.org/web/20170506152047/http://www.patersontech.com/dos/byte%E2%80%93inside-look.aspx
Seattle Computer Productshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products
the originalhttp://www.patersontech.com/dos/byte%E2%80%93inside-look.aspx
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Linfo_2-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Linfo_2-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Linfo_2-2
"MS-DOS: A Brief Introduction"http://www.linfo.org/ms-dos.html
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ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-4.0-mit-relicense_3-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-4.0-mit-relicense_3-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-4.0-mit-relicense_3-2
"Open sourcing MS-DOS 4.0"https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/opensource/2024/04/25/open-sourcing-ms-dos-4-0/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20240425221026/https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/opensource/2024/04/25/open-sourcing-ms-dos-4-0/
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bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-support.microsoft.com_4-1
"Obsolete Products Life-Cycle Policy"https://web.archive.org/web/20060706200752/http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts/
Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
the originalhttp://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Jerica_Jean_Lapuz_2023_5-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Jerica_Jean_Lapuz_2023_5-1
"Unveiling the Depths of Ms-Dos: An In-Depth Exploration of ITS Architecture, Commands, and Historical Significance"https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.14329.85608
doihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)
10.13140/RG.2.2.14329.85608https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.14329.85608
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-roy_6-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-roy_6-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-roy_6-2
A history of the personal computer: the people and the technologyhttps://web.archive.org/web/20060702195053/http://www.retrocomputing.net/info/allan/
London, Ontariohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
0-9689108-0-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689108-0-7
the originalhttp://www.retrocomputing.net/info/allan/
[1]http://www.retrocomputing.net/info/allan/eBook12.pdf
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20060715184453/http://www.retrocomputing.net/info/allan/eBook12.pdf
Wayback Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Historical_Essays_7-0
"MSdos and its evolution history"https://techknowledgedb.com/ms-dos-and-its-evolution-history/
dead linkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-PATERSON_8-0
"Father of DOS Still Having Fun at Microsoft"https://web.archive.org/web/20100209023553/http://www.patersontech.com/Dos/Micronews/paterson04_10_98.htm
the originalhttp://www.patersontech.com/Dos/Micronews/paterson04_10_98.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-A_history_of_Windows_9-0
"A history of Windows"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510042758/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/history
Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
the originalhttp://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/history
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-digitalresearch.biz_10-0
"History of MS-DOS"http://www.digitalresearch.biz/HISZMSD.HTM
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20171002211831/http://www.digitalresearch.biz/HISZMSD.HTM
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-11
"Microsoft DOS History"https://www.computerhope.com/history/dos.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-12
"Personal Computer Announced by IBM"http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/pcpress.pdf
IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20181212191615/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/pcpress.pdf
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-freiberger19820823_13-0
Freiberger, Paulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Freiberger
"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer"https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22
InfoWorldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20230218183644/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-swaine19820823_14-0
Swaine, Michaelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Swaine_(technical_author)
"MS-DOS: examining IBM PC's disk-operating system"https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24
InfoWorldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20230218183644/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-morgan198201_15-0
"Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones"https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n7/mode/2up
BYTEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYTE
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-fiedler198310_16-0
"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up
BYTEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYTE
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-iw19830627_17-0
"Before you bet your business software on an OS, look who's betting on MS-DOS and XENIX"https://books.google.com/books?id=yy8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44
InfoWorldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20230218183645/https://books.google.com/books?id=yy8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Paterson_2014_MSDOS125_18-0
Paterson, Timhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Paterson
"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v11source/MSDOS.ASM"http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-research-license-agreement-msdos-v1-1-v2-0/
Computer History Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum
Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20190814021325/https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-research-license-agreement-msdos-v1-1-v2-0/
SCP MS-DOS 1.25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_MS-DOS_1.25
Altos MS-DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_MS-DOS_2.11
TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleVideo_PC_DOS_2.11
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Shustek_2014_MS-DOS_19-0
"Microsoft MS-DOS early source code"http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-ms-dos-early-source-code/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20190810045508/https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-ms-dos-early-source-code/
SCP MS-DOS 1.25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_MS-DOS_1.25
Altos MS-DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_MS-DOS_2.11
TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleVideo_PC_DOS_2.11
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Levin_2014_MS-DOS_20-0
"Microsoft makes source code for MS-DOS and Word for Windows available to public"https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/03/25/microsoft-makes-source-code-for-ms-dos-and-word-for-windows-available-to-public/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20171214123849/https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/03/25/microsoft-makes-source-code-for-ms-dos-and-word-for-windows-available-to-public/
SCP MS-DOS 1.25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_MS-DOS_1.25
Altos MS-DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_MS-DOS_2.11
TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleVideo_PC_DOS_2.11
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-21
"Psych! Microsoft didn't really open-source MS-DOS"http://www.infoworld.com/t/open-source-software/psych-microsoft-didnt-really-open-source-ms-dos-239111
InfoWorldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140328073244/http://www.infoworld.com/t/open-source-software/psych-microsoft-didnt-really-open-source-ms-dos-239111
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-mit-relicense_22-0
"Re-Open-Sourcing MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/2018/09/28/re-open-sourcing-ms-dos-1-25-and-2-0/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20180929011742/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/2018/09/28/re-open-sourcing-ms-dos-1-25-and-2-0/
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-23
"No source code or build script for LINK.EXE"https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS/tree/main/v1.25/bin
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-24
"No source code or build script for CREF.EXE"https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS/tree/main/v2.0/bin
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-ars-4.0-release_25-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-ars-4.0-release_25-1
chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-ars-4.0-release_25-2
"Microsoft open-sources infamously weird, RAM-hungry MS-DOS 4.00 release"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/04/microsoft-and-ibm-release-source-code-for-one-of-the-weirdest-versions-of-ms-dos/
Ars Technicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-26
"No source code or build script for LIB.EXE or MEM.LIB - the MAKEFILE is empty"https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS/tree/main/v4.0/src/LIB
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-mobile_27-0
"Microsoft launches MS-DOS Mobile"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402085243/http://lumiaconversations.microsoft.com/2015/04/01/microsoft-launches-ms-dos-mobile/
Microsoft Lumiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Lumia
the originalhttp://lumiaconversations.microsoft.com/2015/04/01/microsoft-launches-ms-dos-mobile/
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_28-0
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fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_28-5
ghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_28-6
hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Beley_1986_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_28-7
Allen, Paulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen
Gates, Billhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates
Letwin, Gordonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Letwin
O'Rear, Bobhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_O%27Rear
Paterson, Timhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Paterson
Reynolds, Aaronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_R._Reynolds
Zbikowski, Markhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zbikowski
Socha, Johnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Socha
Microsoft Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
0-914845-69-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914845-69-1
LCCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)
86-8640https://lccn.loc.gov/86-8640
OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)
635600205https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635600205
[2]https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/larryosterman/2004/06/14/does-anyone-remember-the-original-ms-dos-encyclopedia/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20190715050434/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/larryosterman/2004/06/14/does-anyone-remember-the-original-ms-dos-encyclopedia/
Wayback Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_29-0
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Zbikowski, Markhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zbikowski
Allen, Paulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen
Ballmer, Stevehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ballmer
Gates, Billhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates
McDonald, Marchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_McDonald
O'Rear, Bobhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_O%27Rear
Paterson, Timhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Paterson
Petzold, Charleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Petzold
Reynolds, Aaronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_R._Reynolds
Letwin, Gordonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Letwin
Petzold, Charleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Petzold
Microsoft Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
1-55615-049-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55615-049-0
LCCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)
87-21452https://lccn.loc.gov/87-21452
OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)
16581341https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16581341
[3]https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/
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Wayback Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Robotron_1987_1_30-0
Programmtechnische Beschreibung - Arbeitsplatzcomputer A 7150 Betriebssystem DCP 1700 - Kompendiumhttp://www.tiffe.de/Robotron/MMS16/Doku/A7150/A_7150__DCP_1700_KOMPENDIUM_Programmtechnische_Beschreibung.pdf
VEB Robotron-Projekt Dresdenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB_Robotron-Projekt_Dresden
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20170123202425/http://www.tiffe.de/Robotron/MMS16/Doku/A7150/A_7150__DCP_1700_KOMPENDIUM_Programmtechnische_Beschreibung.pdf
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Robotron_1987_2_31-0
Anwenderdokumentation - Anleitung für den Systemprogrammierer - MOS DCP 1700http://www.robotron-net.de/Service/Dokus/DCP20sys.pdf
VEB Robotron-Projekt Dresdenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB_Robotron-Projekt_Dresden
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20210829191036/http://www.robotron-net.de/Service/Dokus/DCP20sys.pdf
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-P8000_2020_32-0
"Computer P8000 compact"https://www.robotrontechnik.de/html/computer/p8000compact.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20201026125454/https://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/computer/p8000compact.htm
[4]https://www.robotrontechnik.de/html/software/os.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20211203182254/https://www.robotrontechnik.de/html/software/os.htm
Wayback Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-DCP_2016_33-0
"Betriebssystem DCP"http://www.robotrontechnik.de/html/software/dcp.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20190403061152/http://www.robotrontechnik.de/html/software/dcp.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-34
"Microsoft DOS Version Features"http://www.emsps.com/oldtools/msdosv.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20170829034033/http://www.emsps.com/oldtools/msdosv.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-35
"DOS history"http://pcmuseum.tripod.com/dos.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20170829034443/http://pcmuseum.tripod.com/dos.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-36
"Customizing MS-DOS 1.23 and Later"https://bitsavers.org/pdf/seattleComputer/Customizing_MS-DOS_1.23_and_Later.pdf
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-37
"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 1.12 - Compaq OEM"http://16bitos.com/112ms.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20201002042421/http://16bitos.com/112ms.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-38
"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 1.13 - Texas Instruments OEM"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001231218/http://16bitos.com/113ms.htm
the originalhttp://16bitos.com/113ms.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-39
"Microsoft MS-DOS Informatie"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809151845/http://www.ultrawindows.nl/tmp/msdos/119/
the originalhttp://www.ultrawindows.nl/tmp/msdos/119
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-40
"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 1.25 - Zenith OEM"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001231218/http://16bitos.com/113ms.htm
the originalhttp://16bitos.com/113ms.htm
ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-byte198710_41-0
bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-byte198710_41-1
"The Tandy Anniversary Product Explosion"https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1987-10-rescan/1987_10_BYTE_12-11_Heuristic_Algorithms#page/n103/mode/2up
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-Mueller_1995_Upgrading_and_Repairing_PCs_42-0
Que Corporationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Corporation
ISBNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
0-7897-0321-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7897-0321-1
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-43
"Short History of MS-DOS"http://www.skrause.org/computers/dos_history.shtml
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20180708040656/http://www.skrause.org/computers/dos_history.shtml
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"DOS 2.0 and 2.1: Hello, UNIX!"http://www.os2museum.com/wp/dos/dos-2-0-and-2-1/
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"DOS 2+ - OPEN — Open Existing File"http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-2779.htm
Ralf Brown's Interrupt Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List
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"DOS 2+ - DUP — Duplicate File Handle"http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-2931.htm
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"DOS 2+ - EXEC — Load And/Or Execute Program"http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-2939.htm
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"DOS 2+ - Terminate And Stay Resident"http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-2723.htm
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Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
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"DOS Marches On"https://archive.org/stream/PC-Mag-1983-04#page/n109/mode/1up
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"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.00 - NCR OEM"http://16bitos.com/200ms.htm
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"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.02 - Compaq OEM"http://16bitos.com/202ms.htm
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"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.05 - Digital OEM"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001201135/http://16bitos.com/205ms.htm
the originalhttp://16bitos.com/205ms.htm
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"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.11 - ITT OEM"http://16bitos.com/211ms.htm
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"Personal Computer M19"https://www.sba.unipi.it/sites/default/files/10.pdf
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"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.13 - Zenith OEM"http://16bitos.com/213ms.htm
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"Toshiba Pasopia 16/T300/PAP"https://web.archive.org/web/20211209014836/https://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/computer.asp?st=1&c=414
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"DOS 3.0, 3.1, and 3.2: The Networked PC/AT"http://www.os2museum.com/wp/dos/dos-3-0-3-2/
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"DOS 3.0 Is Bigger, but Only Manual is Better"https://archive.org/stream/PC-Mag-1984-10-16#page/n41/mode/1up
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-61
"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 3.00 - Compaq OEM"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001231218/http://16bitos.com/300ms.htm
the originalhttp://16bitos.com/300ms.htm
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"DOS 3.1+ - IOCTL — Check If Handle Is Remote"http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-2892.htm
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"DOS 3.1+ network — Get Network Printer Setup String"http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-3034.htm
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"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 3.10 - Multitech OEM"http://16bitos.com/310ms.htm
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"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.20"http://16bitos.com/320ms.htm
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"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 3.21"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001231218/http://16bitos.com/321ms.htm
the originalhttp://16bitos.com/321ms.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-67
"DOS 3.3: The Mature DOS"http://www.os2museum.com/wp/dos/dos-3-3/
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"DOS 3.3+ - FFLUSH — Commit File"http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-3170.htm
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"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.30"http://16bitos.com/330ms.htm
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"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.30A DTK OEM"http://16bitos.com/330ams.htm
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"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.30T - Tandy OEM"http://16bitos.com/330tms.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20201007121735/http://16bitos.com/330tms.htm
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"Dinosaur Sightings: Installing MS-DOS 4"https://www.techrepublic.com/pictures/dinosaur-sightings-installing-ms-dos-4/?mobileView=fullonce
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"DOS 4.0: the apparent cul-de-sac"http://www.os2museum.com/wp/dos/dos-4-0/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20180612140733/http://www.os2museum.com/wp/dos/dos-4-0/
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"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 4.00"http://16bitos.com/400ms.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20201002052027/http://16bitos.com/400ms.htm
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"DOS 4.0: About volume serial number"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/assembly-language/x86/general/part3/
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20121010132518/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/assembly-language/x86/general/part3/
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"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 4.01"http://16bitos.com/401ms.htm
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20201007172924/http://16bitos.com/401ms.htm
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-RBIL_81-0
Brown, Ralf D.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown
"The x86 Interrupt List"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html
Archivedhttps://web.archive.org/web/20170822194456/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html
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NWDOS-TIPs – Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workaroundshttp://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm
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"MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference"https://web.archive.org/web/20140127150747/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc743186.aspx
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"Judge says PC-system allegations not libel"https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20070726/doslawsuitnew26/judge-says-pc-system-allegations-not-libel
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Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures — expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0
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[7]https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition
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"How Safe is Disk Compression?"https://web.archive.org/web/20080619060529/http://www.byte.com/art/9402/sec6/art1.htm
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"Exhibits to Microsoft's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment in Novell WordPerfect Case"https://web.archive.org/web/20130904203242if_/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091120165256836
Groklawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groklaw
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"What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?"https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20071224-00/?p=24063
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"Windows XP MS-DOS Startup Disk"http://thestarman.pcministry.com/winxp/winxpsd.htm
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"MS-DOS v1.25, v2.0, v4.0 Source Code"https://github.com/Microsoft/MS-DOS
^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#cite_ref-99
"Where is source code of 3.30 and 5.0 versions? · Issue #424 · microsoft/MS-DOS"https://web.archive.org/web/20201219075238/https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS/issues/424
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"Magic Desk I for Commodore 64"http://toastytech.com/guis/magdesk.html
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55664320https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55664320
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"Microsoft Windows turns 30: A brief retrospective"https://www.extremetech.com/computing/218336-microsoft-windows-turns-30-a-brief-retrospective
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"What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?"https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20071224-00/?p=24063
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Undocumented DOS : a programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structureshttp://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0
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"DOS Timeline ~ Part One ~ 1980 to 1993"https://web.archive.org/web/20060224030922/http://oldfiles.org.uk/powerload/timeline.htm
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