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(Top)
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754 |
|
1
History
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#History |
|
2
Formats
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Formats |
|
2.1
Representation and encoding in memory
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Representation_and_encoding_in_memory |
|
2.2
Basic and interchange formats
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Basic_and_interchange_formats |
|
2.3
Extended and extendable precision formats
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Extended_and_extendable_precision_formats |
|
2.4
Interchange formats
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Interchange_formats |
|
2.4.1
Binary
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Binary |
|
2.4.2
Decimal
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Decimal |
|
3
Rounding rules
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Rounding_rules |
|
3.1
Roundings to nearest
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Roundings_to_nearest |
|
3.2
Directed roundings
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Directed_roundings |
|
4
Required operations
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Required_operations |
|
4.1
Comparison predicates
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Comparison_predicates |
|
4.2
Total-ordering predicate
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Total-ordering_predicate |
|
5
Exception handling
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Exception_handling |
|
6
Special values
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Special_values |
|
6.1
Signed zero
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Signed_zero |
|
6.2
Subnormal numbers
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Subnormal_numbers |
|
6.3
Infinities
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Infinities |
|
6.4
NaNs
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#NaNs |
|
7
Design rationale
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Design_rationale |
|
8
Recommendations
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Recommendations |
|
8.1
Alternate exception handling
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Alternate_exception_handling |
|
8.2
Recommended operations
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Recommended_operations |
|
8.3
Expression evaluation
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Expression_evaluation |
|
8.4
Reproducibility
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Reproducibility |
|
9
Character representation
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Character_representation |
|
9.1
Hexadecimal literals
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Hexadecimal_literals |
|
10
See also
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#See_also |
|
11
Notes
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Notes |
|
12
References
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#References |
|
12.1
Standards
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Standards |
|
12.2
Secondary references
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Secondary_references |
|
13
Further reading
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Further_reading |
|
14
External links
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#External_links |
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| Page information | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=info |
| Cite this page | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=IEEE_754&id=1379005517&wpFormIdentifier=titleform |
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| Wikimedia Commons | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IEEE_754 |
| Wikibooks | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Floating_Point |
| Wikidata item | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q828287 |
| Floating-point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic |
| formats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_number_format |
| IEEE 754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754 |
| Half | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format |
| Single | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format |
| decimal32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal32_floating-point_format |
| Double | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format |
| decimal64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal64_floating-point_format |
| Quadruple | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format |
| decimal128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal128_floating-point_format |
| Octuple | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octuple-precision_floating-point_format |
| Extended precision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision |
| Minifloat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minifloat |
| bfloat16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bfloat16_floating-point_format |
| TensorFloat-32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFloat-32 |
| Microsoft Binary Format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Binary_Format |
| IBM hexadecimal floating-point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_hexadecimal_floating-point |
| PMBus Linear-11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Management_Bus#Linear11_Floating-Point_Format |
| G.711 8-bit floats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.711 |
| Arbitrary precision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic |
| Block floating point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_floating_point |
| Posit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unum_(number_format) |
| Tapered floating point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapered_floating_point |
| Logarithmic number system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_number_system |
| Level-index arithmetic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level-index_arithmetic |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Floating-point |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Floating-point |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Floating-point |
| technical standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard |
| floating-point arithmetic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic |
| Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers |
| addressed many problems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Design_rationale |
| portably | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_portability |
| floating-point units | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit |
| binary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code |
| decimal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal |
| signed zeros | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_zero |
| subnormal numbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnormal_number |
| infinities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity |
| NaNs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN |
| trigonometric functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions |
| division by zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_by_zero |
| IEEE 754-2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision |
| IEEE 754-1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-1985 |
| IEEE 854-1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_854-1987 |
| [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-1 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=1 |
| hexadecimal floating-point format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_hexadecimal_floating-point |
| CDC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation |
| Cray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray |
| ones' complement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones'_complement |
| IEEE 754-1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-1985 |
| IEEE 754-2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision |
| Mike Cowlishaw | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cowlishaw |
| IEEE 854-1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_854-1987 |
| ISO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization |
| IEC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission |
| JTC 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1 |
| [2] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-2 |
| [3] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-3 |
| [4] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_252011-4 |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE754-errata-5 |
| [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-6 |
| JTC 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1 |
| [7] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_252020-7 |
| [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-8 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=2 |
| [9] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-9 |
| significand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significand |
| [a] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-10 |
| signed zeros | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_zero |
| NaN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN |
| subnormal numbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnormal_number |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=3 |
| bias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponent_bias |
| [10] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-11 |
| [11] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-12 |
| [12] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-13 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=4 |
| binary32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary32 |
| binary64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary64 |
| IEEE 754-1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-1985 |
| [13] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-14 |
| [b] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-15 |
| [c] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-16 |
| [d] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-17 |
| binary16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format |
| binary32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format |
| binary64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format |
| binary128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format |
| binary256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octuple-precision_floating-point_format |
| decimal32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal32_floating-point_format |
| decimal64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal64_floating-point_format |
| decimal128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal128_floating-point_format |
| subnormal number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnormal_number |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IEEE754.svg |
| 32-bit floating point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Float_example.svg |
| 64 bit layout | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=5 |
| extended | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision |
| [14] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-18 |
| [15] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-19 |
| [16] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-20 |
| x87 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87 |
| 80-bit extended format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision#x86_extended-precision_format |
| IEEE 754-1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-1985 |
| Motorola 68881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68881 |
| [17] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-21 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=6 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=7 |
| [e] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-22 |
| bias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponent_bias |
| [f] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-23 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=8 |
| densely packed decimal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densely_packed_decimal |
| binary integer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_integer_decimal |
| special values | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Special_values |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=9 |
| directed roundings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_rounding |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=10 |
| Round to nearest, ties to even | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_half_to_even |
| Round to nearest, ties away from zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_half_away_from_zero |
| [18] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-24 |
| [19] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-25 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=11 |
| [20] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-26 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=12 |
| [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.3.1-27 |
| [22] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.4.1-28 |
| [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.3.1-27 |
| fused multiply–add | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply–accumulate_operation |
| [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.3.1-27 |
| [22] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.4.1-28 |
| [23] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-29 |
| [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-30 |
| [25] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-31 |
| [26] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-32 |
| [27] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-33 |
| [28] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-total-ordering-34 |
| [29] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-35 |
| [30] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-36 |
| [31] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-37 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=13 |
| [32] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-38 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=14 |
| total ordering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order |
| [33] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.10-39 |
| § Comparison predicates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Comparison_predicates |
| [34] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-rust_total_cmp-40 |
| [33] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.10-39 |
| [33] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.10-39 |
| placement of the NaN signaling bit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN#Encoding |
| type puns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_punning |
| [35] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Herf_2001-41 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=15 |
| Floating-point arithmetic § Exception handling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic#Exception_handling |
| [g] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-42 |
| § Alternate exception handling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Alternate_exception_handling |
| subnormal number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnormal_number |
| [36] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-43 |
| [37] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-44 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=16 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=17 |
| Signed zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_zero |
| run-time environments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time_environment |
| functions with a discontinuity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuous_function |
| Γ(x) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function |
| principal square root | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root#Principal_square_root_of_a_complex_number |
| [38] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg1991-45 |
| [h] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-46 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=18 |
| Subnormal numbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnormal_numbers |
| underflow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_underflow |
| [39] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Muller_2010-47 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=19 |
| Infinity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity |
| extended real number line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_real_number_line |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=20 |
| NaN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN |
| exception | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#Exception_handling |
| runtime system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_system |
| JavaScript | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript |
| [40] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-wingolog2011-48 |
| LuaJIT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LuaJIT |
| [41] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-mikepall2009-49 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=21 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Kahan.jpg |
| William Kahan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kahan |
| 80x87 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80x87 |
| numerical analysts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analyst |
| William Kahan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kahan |
| [42] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Kahan_2001_JavaHurt-50 |
| continued fraction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction |
| division by zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_by_zero |
| [43] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Kahan_1981_WhyIEEE-51 |
| loss of an Ariane 5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_flight_V88 |
| [42] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Kahan_2001_JavaHurt-50 |
| [44] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Severance_1998-52 |
| 80-bit format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision |
| [45] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Kahan_1996_Baleful-53 |
| calculation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures#Arithmetic |
| scientific calculators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_calculator |
| Hewlett-Packard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard |
| financial calculators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_calculator |
| [45] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Kahan_1996_Baleful-53 |
| unit in the last place | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_in_the_last_place |
| interval arithmetic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_arithmetic |
| 2Sum, Fast2Sum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Sum |
| Kahan summation algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_summation_algorithm |
| sign-magnitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-magnitude |
| IBM hexadecimal floating-point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_hexadecimal_floating-point |
| two's-complement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's-complement |
| interpreting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_punning |
| xor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or |
| [35] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Herf_2001-41 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=22 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=23 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=24 |
| [46] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-54 |
| [47] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-55 |
| [48] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-56 |
|
e
x
{\displaystyle e^{x}}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp(x) |
|
e
x
−
1
{\displaystyle e^{x}-1}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp(x)−1 |
|
ln
x
{\displaystyle \ln x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm |
|
log
2
x
{\displaystyle \log _{2}x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_logarithm |
|
log
10
x
{\displaystyle \log _{10}x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_logarithm |
|
ln
(
1
+
x
)
{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ln(1+x) |
|
x
2
+
y
2
{\textstyle {\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypot |
|
1
/
x
t
{\displaystyle 1{\big /}{\sqrt {x{\vphantom {t}}}}}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_square_root |
| exponential growth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth |
| [49] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-57 |
|
x
1
n
{\displaystyle x^{\frac {1}{n}}}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nth_root |
|
x
n
{\displaystyle x^{n}}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation#Integer_exponents |
|
x
y
{\displaystyle x^{y}}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation |
| [50] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-58 |
|
sin
x
{\displaystyle \sin x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(trigonometry) |
|
cos
x
{\displaystyle \cos x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_(trigonometry) |
|
tan
x
{\displaystyle \tan x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_(trigonometry) |
|
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle \arcsin x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcsin_(trigonometry) |
|
arccos
x
{\displaystyle \arccos x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arccos_(trigonometry) |
|
arctan
x
{\displaystyle \arctan x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctan_(trigonometry) |
|
atan2
(
y
,
x
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {atan2} (y,x)}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2 |
| Multiples of π | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiples_of_π |
| Multiples of π | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiples_of_π |
|
sinh
x
{\displaystyle \sinh x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_(mathematical_function) |
|
cosh
x
{\displaystyle \cosh x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosh_(mathematical_function) |
|
tanh
x
{\displaystyle \tanh x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanh_(mathematical_function) |
|
arsinh
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinh |
|
arcosh
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcosh} x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcosh |
|
artanh
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} x}
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artanh |
| [51] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-59 |
| [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE754-errata-5 |
| [52] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-60 |
| reduction operations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_operator |
| dot product | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product |
| [53] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-61 |
| [update] | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit |
| [54] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-62 |
| 2Sum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Sum |
| [55] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Riedy_2018-63 |
| [56] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-Revision_2019-64 |
| non-associativity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_property |
| [57] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-65 |
| [58] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-66 |
| [59] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-67 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=25 |
| 1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-1985 |
| optimizing compiler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimizing_compiler |
| x87 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87 |
| double-extended format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision#IEEE_754_extended_precision_formats |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=26 |
| C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++ |
| FMA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply–accumulate_operation |
| [60] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-68 |
| GCC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection |
| cl.exe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl.exe |
| [61] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-69 |
| [62] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-70 |
| C mathematical functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_mathematical_functions |
| [63] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-71 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=27 |
| Floating-point arithmetic § Binary-to-decimal conversion with minimal number of digits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic#Binary-to-decimal_conversion_with_minimal_number_of_digits |
| [64] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.12-72 |
| [64] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.12-72 |
| [65] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-73 |
| [i] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-74 |
| [66] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-75 |
| [67] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-76 |
| [68] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-77 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=28 |
| C99 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C99 |
| [69] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-78 |
| [70] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_note-79 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=29 |
| bfloat16 floating-point format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bfloat16_floating-point_format |
| Binade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binade |
| Coprocessor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor |
| C99 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C99#IEEE_754_floating-point_support |
| Floating-point arithmetic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic#IEEE_754:_floating_point_in_modern_computers |
| Fixed-point arithmetic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic |
| IBM System z9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System_z9 |
| IBM z10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z10 |
| IBM z196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z196 |
| IBM zEC12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_zEC12_(microprocessor) |
| IBM z13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z13_(microprocessor) |
| ISO/IEC 10967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967 |
| Minifloat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minifloat |
| POWER6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER6 |
| POWER7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER7 |
| POWER8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER8 |
| strictfp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictfp |
| Java programming language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
| Table-maker's dilemma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table-maker's_dilemma |
| Standard Apple Numerics Environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Apple_Numerics_Environment |
| Tapered floating point | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapered_floating_point |
| Posit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unum_(number_format)#Posit_(Type_III_Unum) |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=30 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-10 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-15 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-16 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-17 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-22 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-23 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-42 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-46 |
| Fast inverse square root | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_inverse_square_root |
| Methods of computing square roots#Iterative methods for reciprocal square roots | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing_square_roots#Iterative_methods_for_reciprocal_square_roots |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-74 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=31 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-1 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-2 |
| "FW: ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559 (IEEE Std 754-2008)" | https://web.archive.org/web/20171027190846/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/email/msg04167.html |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| the original | http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/email/msg04167.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-3 |
| "ISO/IEEE Partner Standards Development Organization (PSDO) Cooperation Agreement" | https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/minutes/jul2008/opening_reports/psdo1.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_252011_4-0 |
| ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25 2011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_252011 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE754-errata_5-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE754-errata_5-1 |
| "IEEE 754-2008 errata" | https://speleotrove.com/misc/IEEE754-errata.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-6 |
| "ANSI/IEEE Std 754-2019" | https://754r.ucbtest.org/ |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_252020_7-0 |
| ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_252020 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-8 |
| "Issues for the next revision of 754" | https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/msc/ANSI_IEEE-Std-754-2019/background/future.txt |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-9 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-11 |
| "SpiderMonkey Internals" | https://udn.realityripple.com/docs/Mozilla/Projects/SpiderMonkey/Internals |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-12 |
| 21st Century C: C Tips from the New School | https://books.google.com/books?id=ASuiBAAAQBAJ |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 9781491904442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491904442 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-13 |
| "zuiderkwast/nanbox: NaN-boxing in C" | https://github.com/zuiderkwast/nanbox |
| GitHub | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-14 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-18 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-19 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-20 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-21 |
| Motorola MC68000 Family | https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/reference-manual/M68000PRM.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-24 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-25 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-26 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.3.1_27-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.3.1_27-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.3.1_27-2 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.4.1_28-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2008_loc=§5.4.1_28-1 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-29 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-30 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-31 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-32 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-33 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-total-ordering_34-0 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-35 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-36 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-37 |
| IEEE 754 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-38 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.10_39-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.10_39-1 |
| 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.10_39-2 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-rust_total_cmp_40-0 |
| "Implement total_cmp for f32, f64 by golddranks · Pull Request #72568 · rust-lang/rust" | https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/72568 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Herf_2001_41-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Herf_2001_41-1 |
| "radix tricks" | http://stereopsis.com/radix.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-43 |
| "9.4. decimal – Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic – Python 3.6.5 documentation" | https://docs.python.org/library/decimal.html#signals |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-44 |
| "Decimal Arithmetic - Exceptional conditions" | http://speleotrove.com/decimal/daexcep.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg1991_45-0 |
| Goldberg 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFGoldberg1991 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Muller_2010_47-0 |
| Revol, Nathalie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Revol |
| Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic | https://books.google.com/books?id=baFvrIOPvncC&pg=PA16 |
| Birkhäuser | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhäuser |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1007/978-0-8176-4705-6 | https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-8176-4705-6 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-8176-4704-9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-4704-9 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-wingolog2011_48-0 |
| "value representation in javascript implementations" | https://wingolog.org/archives/2011/05/18/value-representation-in-javascript-implementations |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20250821070214/https://wingolog.org/archives/2011/05/18/value-representation-in-javascript-implementations |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-mikepall2009_49-0 |
| "LuaJIT 2.0 intellectual property disclosure and research opportunities" | https://web.archive.org/web/20091107031558/http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lang.lua.general/58908 |
| the original | http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lang.lua.general/58908 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Kahan_2001_JavaHurt_50-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Kahan_2001_JavaHurt_50-1 |
| Kahan, William Morton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morton_Kahan |
| "How Java's floating-point hurts everyone everywhere" | http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/JAVAhurt.pdf |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20000816043653/http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/JAVAhurt.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Kahan_1981_WhyIEEE_51-0 |
| Kahan, William Morton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morton_Kahan |
| "Why do we need a floating-point arithmetic standard?" | http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/why-ieee.pdf |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20041204070746/http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/why-ieee.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Severance_1998_52-0 |
| Severance, Charles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Severance_(computer_scientist) |
| "An Interview with the Old Man of Floating-Point" | http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/754story.html |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Kahan_1996_Baleful_53-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Kahan_1996_Baleful_53-1 |
| Kahan, William Morton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morton_Kahan |
| "The Baleful Effect of Computer Benchmarks upon Applied Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry" | http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/baleful.pdf |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011212/http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/baleful.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-54 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-55 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-56 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-57 |
| "Too much power - pow vs powr, powd, pown, rootn, compound" | https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/msc/ANSI_IEEE-Std-754-2019/background/power.txt |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-58 |
| "Too much power - pow vs powr, powd, pown, rootn, compound" | https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/msc/ANSI_IEEE-Std-754-2019/background/power.txt |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-59 |
| "Re: Missing functions tanPi, asinPi and acosPi" | https://web.archive.org/web/20170706053605/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/email/msg03842.html |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| the original | http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/email/msg03842.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-60 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-61 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-62 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Riedy_2018_63-0 |
| "Augmented Arithmetic Operations Proposed for IEEE-754 2018" | http://www.ecs.umass.edu/arith-2018/pdf/arith25_34.pdf |
| Archived | https://web.archive.org/web/20190723172615/http://www.ecs.umass.edu/arith-2018/pdf/arith25_34.pdf |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-Revision_2019_64-0 |
| "ANSI/IEEE Std 754-2019 – Background Documents" | https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/msc/ANSI_IEEE-Std-754-2019/background/ |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-65 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-66 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-67 |
| "The Removal/Demotion of MinNum and MaxNum Operations from IEEE 754-2018" | https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/msc/ANSI_IEEE-Std-754-2019/background/minNum_maxNum_Removal_Demotion_v3.pdf |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-68 |
| "The /fp:contract flag and changes to FP modes in VS2022" | https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/the-fpcontract-flag-and-changes-to-fp-modes-in-vs2022/ |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-69 |
| "Optimize Options (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))" | https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-70 |
| "/fp (Specify floating-point behavior)" | https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/fp-specify-floating-point-behavior?view=msvc-170 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-71 |
| "Does any floating point-intensive code produce bit-exact results in any x86-based architecture?" | https://stackoverflow.com/a/41001110 |
| 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.12_72-0 |
| 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-IEEE_754_2019_loc=§5.12_72-1 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-73 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-75 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-76 |
| Kahan, William | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kahan |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-77 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-78 |
| IEEE 754 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#CITEREFIEEE_7542019 |
| ↑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754#cite_ref-79 |
| "6.9.3. Hexadecimal floating point literals – Glasgow Haskell Compiler 9.3.20220129 User's Guide" | https://ghc.gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/doc/users_guide/exts/hex_float_literals.html |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=32 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1109/IEEESTD.1985.82928 | https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1985.82928 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 0-7381-1165-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7381-1165-1 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4610935 | https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4610935 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-7381-5753-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-5753-5 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8766229 | https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2019.8766229 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-1-5044-5924-2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5044-5924-2 |
| ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011 — Information technology – Microprocessor Systems – Floating-Point arithmetic | https://www.iso.org/standard/57469.html |
| cite book | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book |
| link | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list |
| ISO/IEC 60559:2020 — Information technology – Microprocessor Systems – Floating-Point arithmetic | https://www.iso.org/standard/80985.html |
| cite book | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book |
| link | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=33 |
| Decimal floating-point | http://speleotrove.com/decimal |
| Comparing binary floats | http://www.cygnus-software.com/papers/comparingfloats/comparingfloats.htm |
| IEEE 754 Reference Material | https://web.archive.org/web/20111201211023/http://babbage.cs.qc.cuny.edu/IEEE-754.old/References.xhtml |
| IEEE 854-1987 | http://speleotrove.com/decimal/854mins.html |
| Supplementary readings for IEEE 754 | https://web.archive.org/web/20171230124220/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/reading.html |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=34 |
| "What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic" | https://doi.org/10.1145%2F103162.103163 |
| ACM Computing Surveys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Computing_Surveys |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1145/103162.103163 | https://doi.org/10.1145%2F103162.103163 |
| https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072644/http://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse320/Documents/FloatingPoint.pdf |
| https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html |
| Hecker, Chris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hecker |
| "Let's Get To The (Floating) Point" | http://chrishecker.com/images/f/fb/Gdmfp.pdf |
| Game Developer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developer_(magazine) |
| "IEEE 754: An Interview with William Kahan" | http://www.dr-chuck.com/dr-chuck/papers/columns/r3114.pdf |
| IEEE Computer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Computer |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1109/MC.1998.660194 | https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1998.660194 |
| Cowlishaw, Mike | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cowlishaw |
| "Decimal floating-point: Algorism for computers" | http://speleotrove.com/decimal/IEEE-cowlishaw-arith16.pdf |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1109/ARITH.2003.1207666 | https://doi.org/10.1109%2FARITH.2003.1207666 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-7695-1894-7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1894-7 |
| "The pitfalls of verifying floating-point computations" | https://hal.science/hal-00128124/en/ |
| ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Transactions_on_Programming_Languages_and_Systems |
| arXiv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) |
| cs/0701192 | https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0701192 |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1145/1353445.1353446 | https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1353445.1353446 |
| Revol, Nathalie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Revol |
| Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic | https://cds.cern.ch/record/1315760 |
| Birkhäuser | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhäuser |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1007/978-3-319-76526-6 | https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-76526-6 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-3-319-76525-9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-76525-9 |
| Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences |
| New York University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University |
| SIAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1137/1.9780898718072 | https://doi.org/10.1137%2F1.9780898718072 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-0-89871-482-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89871-482-1 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-1-61197-840-7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61197-840-7 |
| Cleve Moler on Floating Point numbers | http://blogs.mathworks.com/cleve/2014/07/07/floating-point-numbers/ |
| Springer International Publishing AG | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing_AG |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1007/978-3-319-64110-2 | https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-64110-2 |
| ISBN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) |
| 978-3-319-64109-6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64109-6 |
| "The IEEE Standard 754: One for the History Books" | https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2019/12/08909942/1f8KFWxbTCU |
| IEEE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
| doi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) |
| 10.1109/MC.2019.2926614 | https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2019.2926614 |
| edit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_754&action=edit§ion=35 |
| ANSI/IEEE Std 754-2019 | https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/msc/ANSI_IEEE-Std-754-2019/ |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg |
| Floating Point | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Floating%20Point |
| special numbers specified in the IEEE 754 standard | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Floating%20Point/Special%20Numbers |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg |
| IEEE 754 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IEEE%20754 |
| Kahan on creating IEEE Standard Floating Point | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATCpecsyPE8 |
| Archived | https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211108/ATCpecsyPE8 |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_standards |
| t | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_standards |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_standards |
| IEEE standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association |
| 488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE-488 |
| 693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_693 |
| 730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality_assurance |
| 754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754 |
| Revision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision |
| 854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_854-1987 |
| 828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_configuration_management |
| 829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_test_documentation |
| 896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurebus |
| 1003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification |
| 1014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMEbus |
| 1016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_description |
| 1076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL |
| 1149.1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG |
| 1154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PILOT |
| 1164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1164 |
| 1275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Firmware |
| 1278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation |
| 1284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284 |
| 1355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1355 |
| 1394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394 |
| 1451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1451 |
| 1497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format |
| 1516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Level_Architecture |
| 1541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002 |
| 1547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1547 |
| 1584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1584 |
| 1588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol |
| 1596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface |
| 1603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format |
| 1613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1613 |
| 1619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1619 |
| 1666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemC |
| 1667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1667 |
| 1675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008 |
| 1685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-XACT |
| 1722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1722 |
| 1733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1733 |
| 1800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemVerilog |
| 1801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Power_Format |
| 1815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNP3 |
| 1849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1849 |
| 1850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_Specification_Language |
| 1855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1855 |
| 1900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DySPAN |
| 1901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1901 |
| 1902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBee |
| 1904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks |
| 1905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1905 |
| 2030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_2030 |
| 2050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel |
| 11073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073 |
| 12207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207 |
| 14764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance |
| 16085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management |
| 16326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management |
| 29148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_engineering |
| 42010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010 |
| 802 series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802 |
| 802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802 |
| .2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.2 |
| .4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_bus_network |
| .5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ring |
| .6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.6 |
| .7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.7 |
| .8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.8 |
| .9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.9 |
| .10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.10 |
| .12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100BaseVG |
| .14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14 |
| .16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16 |
| WiMAX · d · e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX |
| .17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring |
| .18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.18 |
| .20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.20 |
| .21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.21 |
| .22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.22 |
| .24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.24?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| 802.1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1 |
| D | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1D |
| p | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p |
| Q | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q |
| Qav | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav |
| Qat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol |
| Qay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering |
| Qaz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group |
| Qbb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb |
| w | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol |
| X | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1X |
| AB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol |
| ad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad |
| AE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE |
| ag | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag |
| ah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008 |
| ak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol |
| aq | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq |
| AS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS |
| AX | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation |
| LACP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol |
| BA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging |
| 802.3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3 |
| Ethernet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet |
| -1983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE5 |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3a |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3b |
| d | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3d |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3e |
| i | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3i |
| j | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3j |
| u | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3u |
| x | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3x |
| y | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3y |
| z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3z |
| ab | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ab |
| ac | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ac |
| ad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ad |
| ae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ae |
| af | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3af |
| ah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ah |
| ak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ak |
| an | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3an |
| aq | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3aq |
| at | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3at |
| au | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3au |
| av | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3av |
| az | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3az |
| ba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ba |
| bt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3bt |
| bu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3bu |
| by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3by |
| bz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3bz |
| ca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ca?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cb?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cc?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cd?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| ce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ce?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cg |
| ch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ch |
| ck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ck?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cm?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cn?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cp?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cq | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cq |
| cr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cr?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cs?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| ct | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3ct?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cu?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cv |
| cw | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cw?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cx?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cy?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| cz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3cz?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| da | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3da?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| db | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3db?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| dd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3dd |
| de | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3de?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| df | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.3df?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| 802.11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11 |
| Wi-Fi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi |
| -1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997 |
| legacy mode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode) |
| a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999 |
| b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999 |
| c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11c |
| d | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001 |
| e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005 |
| f | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol |
| g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003 |
| h | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003 |
| i | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004 |
| j | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004 |
| k | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008 |
| n | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009 |
| Wi-Fi 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_4 |
| p | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11p |
| r | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008 |
| s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11s |
| u | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11u |
| v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11v |
| w | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009 |
| y | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008 |
| z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11z |
| ac | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac |
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| ad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad |
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| af | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11af |
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| be | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11be |
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| bn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn |
| Wi-Fi 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_8 |
| 802.15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15 |
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| .3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3 |
| .4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4 |
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| .4c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4c?action=edit&redlink=1 |
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| .4z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4z?action=edit&redlink=1 |
| .5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5 |
| .6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6 |
| .7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7 |
| P1363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1363 |
| P1699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta-lang |
| P1823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices |
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| 830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements_specification |
| 1219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1219 |
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| 60062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKM_code |
| 60063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers |
| 60068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60068 |
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| 60269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60269 |
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| 60309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60309 |
| 60320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60320 |
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| 60446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60446 |
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| 60870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60870 |
| 60870-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60870-5 |
| 60870-6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60870-6 |
| 60906-1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60906-1 |
| 60908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio |
| 60929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60929 |
| 60958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES3 |
| 60980-344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60980-344 |
| 61030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61030 |
| 61131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61131 |
| 61131-3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61131-3 |
| 61131-9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO-Link |
| 61158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus |
| 61162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61162 |
| 61334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61334 |
| 61355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61355 |
| 61360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61360 |
| 61400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61400 |
| 61499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61499 |
| 61508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61508 |
| 61511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61511 |
| 61784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus |
| 61850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61850 |
| 61851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61851 |
| 61883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61883 |
| 61960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_nomenclature |
| 61968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61968 |
| 61970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_61970 |
| 62014-4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-XACT |
| 62026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus |
| 62056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62056 |
| 62061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62061 |
| 62196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62196 |
| 62262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_62262 |
| 62264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62264 |
| 62304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62304 |
| 62325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62325 |
| 62351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62351 |
| 62365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES47 |
| 62366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62366 |
| 62379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62379 |
| 62386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface |
| 62455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62455 |
| 62680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| 62682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62682 |
| 62700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62700 |
| 63110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_63110 |
| 63119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_63119 |
| 63382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_63382 |
| 646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_646 |
| 1989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL |
| 2022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022 |
| 4909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909 |
| 5218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218 |
| 6429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code |
| 6523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523 |
| 7810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810 |
| 7811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811 |
| 7812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812 |
| 7813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813 |
| 7816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816 |
| 7942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System |
| 8613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture |
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| 8652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652 |
| 8859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859 |
| 9126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126 |
| 9293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table |
| 9496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHILL |
| 9529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529 |
| 9592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHIGS |
| 9593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHIGS |
| 9899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_C |
| 9945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX |
| 9995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995 |
| 10021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021 |
| 10116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116 |
| 10165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects |
| 10179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language |
| 10279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_BASIC |
| 10646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set |
| 10967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967 |
| 11172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1 |
| 11179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179 |
| 11404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404 |
| 11544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBIG |
| 11801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801 |
| 12207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207 |
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| 13816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISLISP |
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| 20000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000 |
| 20802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol |
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| 27040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040 |
| 29119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119 |
| 33001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001 |
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| International Electrotechnical Commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission |
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