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Title: Built-in Functions — Python 3.14.2 documentation

Open Graph Title: Built-in Functions

Description: The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.,,,, Built-in Functions,,, A, abs(), aiter(), all(), a...

Open Graph Description: The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.,,,, Built-in Functions,,, A, abs(), aiter(), all(), a...

Opengraph URL: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html

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og:image:altThe Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.,,,, Built-in Functions,,, A, abs(), aiter(), all(), a...
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Links:

https://www.python.org/
Introductionhttps://docs.python.org/library/intro.html
Built-in Constantshttps://docs.python.org/library/constants.html
Report a bughttps://docs.python.org/bugs.html
Show source https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/functions.rst?plain=1
indexhttps://docs.python.org/genindex.html
moduleshttps://docs.python.org/py-modindex.html
nexthttps://docs.python.org/library/constants.html
previoushttps://docs.python.org/library/intro.html
Pythonhttps://www.python.org/
3.14.2 Documentationhttps://docs.python.org/index.html
The Python Standard Libraryhttps://docs.python.org/library/index.html
Built-in Functionshttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#built-in-functions
abs()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#abs
aiter()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#aiter
all()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#all
anext()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#anext
any()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#any
ascii()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#ascii
bin()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#bin
bool()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#bool
breakpoint()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#breakpoint
bytearray()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-bytearray
bytes()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-bytes
callable()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#callable
chr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#chr
classmethod()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#classmethod
compile()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#compile
complex()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#complex
delattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#delattr
dict()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-dict
dir()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#dir
divmod()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#divmod
enumerate()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#enumerate
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
filter()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#filter
float()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#float
format()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#format
frozenset()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-frozenset
getattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#getattr
globals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#globals
hasattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hasattr
hash()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hash
help()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#help
hex()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hex
id()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#id
input()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#input
int()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
isinstance()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#isinstance
issubclass()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#issubclass
iter()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#iter
len()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#len
list()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-list
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
map()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#map
max()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#max
memoryview()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-memoryview
min()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#min
next()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#next
object()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#object
oct()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#oct
open()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open
ord()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#ord
pow()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#pow
print()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print
property()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property
range()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-range
repr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr
reversed()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#reversed
round()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#round
set()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-set
setattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#setattr
slice()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice
sorted()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#sorted
staticmethod()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#staticmethod
str()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-str
sum()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#sum
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
tuple()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#func-tuple
type()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#type
vars()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#vars
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
__import__()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#import__
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#abs
__abs__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__abs__
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#aiter
asynchronous iteratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-asynchronous-iterator
asynchronous iterablehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-asynchronous-iterable
iter()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#iter
aiter()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#aiter
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#all
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#anext
asynchronous iteratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-asynchronous-iterator
next()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#next
__anext__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__anext__
awaitablehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-awaitable
StopAsyncIterationhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#StopAsyncIteration
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#any
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#ascii
repr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr
repr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr
repr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#bin
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
format()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#format
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#bool
truth testing procedurehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#truth
boolhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#bool
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
Numeric Types — int, float, complexhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesnumeric
Boolean Type - boolhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typebool
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#breakpoint
sys.breakpointhook()https://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.breakpointhook
pdb.set_trace()https://docs.python.org/library/pdb.html#pdb.set_trace
pdbhttps://docs.python.org/library/pdb.html#module-pdb
sys.breakpointhook()https://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.breakpointhook
breakpoint()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#breakpoint
sys.breakpointhook()https://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.breakpointhook
RuntimeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError
breakpoint()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#breakpoint
PYTHONBREAKPOINThttps://docs.python.org/using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONBREAKPOINT
sys.breakpointhook()https://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.breakpointhook
sys.breakpointhook()https://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.breakpointhook
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
bytearrayhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray
Mutable Sequence Typeshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-mutable
byteshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytes
Bytes and Bytearray Operationshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytes-methods
bytearray()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray
str.encode()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str.encode
buffer interfacehttps://docs.python.org/c-api/buffer.html#bufferobjects
Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryviewhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#binaryseq
Bytearray Objectshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typebytearray
byteshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytes
bytearrayhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray
bytearray()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray
String and Bytes literalshttps://docs.python.org/reference/lexical_analysis.html#strings
Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryviewhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#binaryseq
Bytes Objectshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typebytes
Bytes and Bytearray Operationshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytes-methods
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#callable
Truehttps://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#True
Falsehttps://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#False
__call__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#chr
ord()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#ord
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#classmethod
decoratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-decorator
Function definitionshttps://docs.python.org/reference/compound_stmts.html#function
staticmethod()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#staticmethod
The standard type hierarchyhttps://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#types
descriptorshttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-descriptor
property()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property
__module__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__module__
__name__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__name__
__qualname__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__qualname__
__doc__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__doc__
__annotations__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__annotations__
descriptorshttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-descriptor
property()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#compile
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
asthttps://docs.python.org/library/ast.html#module-ast
compiler optionshttps://docs.python.org/library/ast.html#ast-compiler-flags
future featureshttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#future
compile()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#compile
compiler_flaghttps://docs.python.org/library/__future__.html#future__._Feature.compiler_flag
_Featurehttps://docs.python.org/library/__future__.html#future__._Feature
__future__https://docs.python.org/library/__future__.html#module-__future__
Compiler flagshttps://docs.python.org/library/ast.html#ast-compiler-flags
asthttps://docs.python.org/library/ast.html#module-ast
-Ohttps://docs.python.org/using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-O
SyntaxErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#SyntaxError
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
ast.parse()https://docs.python.org/library/ast.html#ast.parse
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
codehttps://docs.python.org/library/code.html#module-code
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#complex
float()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#float
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
complexvaluehttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-complexvalue
floatvaluehttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-floatvalue
floatvaluehttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-floatvalue
floatvaluehttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-floatvalue
signhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-sign
absfloatvaluehttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-absfloatvalue
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
floathttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#float
__complex__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__complex__
__float__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__float__
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
complex.from_number()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#complex.from_number
Numeric Types — int, float, complexhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesnumeric
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
__complex__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__complex__
__float__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__float__
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#delattr
setattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#setattr
setattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#setattr
dicthttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#dict
dicthttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#dict
Mapping Types — dicthttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesmapping
listhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#list
sethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#set
tuplehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
collectionshttps://docs.python.org/library/collections.html#module-collections
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#dir
__dir__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__dir__
__getattr__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattr__
__getattribute__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattribute__
dir()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#dir
__dir__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__dir__
__dict__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__dict__
__getattr__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattr__
dir()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#dir
dir()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#dir
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#divmod
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#enumerate
iteratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterator
__next__()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__
enumerate()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#enumerate
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
strhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str
code objecthttps://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#code-objects
dicthttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#dict
mappinghttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-mapping
builtinshttps://docs.python.org/library/builtins.html#module-builtins
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
nested scopeshttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-nested-scope
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
nonlocalhttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#nonlocal
compile()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#compile
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
globals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#globals
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
ast.literal_eval()https://docs.python.org/library/ast.html#ast.literal_eval
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
[1]https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#id2
File inputhttps://docs.python.org/reference/toplevel_components.html#file-input
nonlocalhttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#nonlocal
yieldhttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#yield
returnhttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#return
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
builtinshttps://docs.python.org/library/builtins.html#module-builtins
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
free (closure) variableshttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-closure-variable
co_freevarshttps://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_freevars
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
globals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#globals
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#filter
itertools.filterfalse()https://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#itertools.filterfalse
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#float
floatvaluehttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-floatvalue
digithttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-digit
digithttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-digit
digitparthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-digitpart
digitparthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-digitpart
digitparthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-digitpart
signhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-sign
digitparthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-digitpart
numberhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-number
exponenthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-exponent
floatnumberhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-floatnumber
infinityhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-infinity
nanhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-nan
signhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-sign
absfloatvaluehttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#grammar-token-float-absfloatvalue
OverflowErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#OverflowError
__float__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__float__
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
float.from_number()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#float.from_number
Numeric Types — int, float, complexhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesnumeric
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
__float__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__float__
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#format
Format Specification Mini-Languagehttps://docs.python.org/library/string.html#formatspec
str(value)https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str
__format__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__format__
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
objecthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#object
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
frozensethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#frozenset
frozensethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#frozenset
Set Types — set, frozensethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#types-set
sethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#set
listhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#list
tuplehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
dicthttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#dict
collectionshttps://docs.python.org/library/collections.html#module-collections
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#getattr
AttributeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
setattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#setattr
private name manglinghttps://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#private-name-mangling
getattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#getattr
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#globals
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hasattr
AttributeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hash
__hash__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__
hash()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hash
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#help
help()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#help
the FAQ entry on positional-only parametershttps://docs.python.org/faq/programming.html#faq-positional-only-arguments
sitehttps://docs.python.org/library/site.html#module-site
pydochttps://docs.python.org/library/pydoc.html#module-pydoc
inspecthttps://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html#module-inspect
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#hex
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
format()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#format
int()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
float.hex()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#float.hex
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#id
id()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#id
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#input
EOFErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#EOFError
readlinehttps://docs.python.org/library/readline.html#module-readline
input()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#input
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
__int__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__int__
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
byteshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytes
bytearrayhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray
integer literal in codehttps://docs.python.org/reference/lexical_analysis.html#integers
Numeric Types — int, float, complexhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesnumeric
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
base.__index__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
base.__int__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__int__
base.__index__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
__int__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__int__
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
integer string conversion length limitationhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#int-max-str-digits
int()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
__trunc__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__trunc__
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#isinstance
virtualhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-abstract-base-class
Union Typehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#types-union
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
Union Typehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#types-union
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#issubclass
virtualhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-abstract-base-class
Union Typehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#types-union
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
Union Typehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#types-union
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#iter
iteratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterator
iterablehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterable
__iter__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__
__getitem__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
__next__()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__
StopIterationhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#StopIteration
Iterator Typeshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typeiter
iter()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#iter
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#len
OverflowErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#OverflowError
sys.maxsizehttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.maxsize
range(2 ** 100)https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#range
listhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#list
Listshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-list
Sequence Types — list, tuple, rangehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
exec()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#exec
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
globals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#globals
optimized scopehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-optimized-scope
PEP 709https://peps.python.org/pep-0709/
PEP 667https://peps.python.org/pep-0667/
optimized scopeshttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-optimized-scope
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#map
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
itertools.starmap()https://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#itertools.starmap
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#max
iterablehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterable
list.sort()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#list.sort
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
Memory Viewshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typememoryview
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#min
iterablehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterable
list.sort()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#list.sort
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#next
iteratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterator
__next__()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__
StopIterationhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#StopIteration
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#object
objecthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#object
__dict__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__dict__
objecthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#object
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#oct
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
__index__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__
format()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#format
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open
file objecthttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-file-object
OSErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#OSError
Reading and Writing Fileshttps://docs.python.org/tutorial/inputoutput.html#tut-files
path-like objecthttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-path-like-object
locale.getencoding()https://docs.python.org/library/locale.html#locale.getencoding
Overviewhttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io-overview
byteshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytes
strhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str
io.TextIOWrapper.reconfigure()https://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.TextIOWrapper.reconfigure
isatty()https://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.IOBase.isatty
locale.getencoding()https://docs.python.org/library/locale.html#locale.getencoding
text encodinghttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-text-encoding
codecshttps://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#module-codecs
Error Handlershttps://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#error-handlers
codecs.register_error()https://docs.python.org/library/codecs.html#codecs.register_error
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
os.linesephttps://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.linesep
os.openhttps://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.open
non-inheritablehttps://docs.python.org/library/os.html#fd-inheritance
dir_fdhttps://docs.python.org/library/os.html#dir-fd
os.open()https://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.open
file objecthttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-file-object
open()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open
open()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open
io.TextIOBasehttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.TextIOBase
io.TextIOWrapperhttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.TextIOWrapper
io.BufferedIOBasehttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.BufferedIOBase
io.BufferedReaderhttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.BufferedReader
io.BufferedWriterhttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.BufferedWriter
io.BufferedRandomhttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.BufferedRandom
io.RawIOBasehttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.RawIOBase
io.FileIOhttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.FileIO
fileinputhttps://docs.python.org/library/fileinput.html#module-fileinput
iohttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#module-io
open()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open
oshttps://docs.python.org/library/os.html#module-os
os.pathhttps://docs.python.org/library/os.path.html#module-os.path
tempfilehttps://docs.python.org/library/tempfile.html#module-tempfile
shutilhttps://docs.python.org/library/shutil.html#module-shutil
auditing eventhttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#auditing
IOErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#IOError
OSErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#OSError
FileExistsErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#FileExistsError
InterruptedErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#InterruptedError
PEP 475https://peps.python.org/pep-0475/
os.PathLikehttps://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.PathLike
io.RawIOBasehttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.RawIOBase
io.FileIOhttps://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.FileIO
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#ord
chr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#chr
byteshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytes
bytearrayhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#pow
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
floathttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#float
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
floathttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#float
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
inthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#int
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print
str()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str
print()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print
sys.stdouthttps://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.stdout
print()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#print
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property
property()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property
decoratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-decorator
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property.getter
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property.setter
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property.deleter
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#property.__name__
rangehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#range
Rangeshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-range
Sequence Types — list, tuple, rangehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr
eval()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#eval
__repr__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__repr__
sys.displayhook()https://docs.python.org/library/sys.html#sys.displayhook
RuntimeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#reversed
iteratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterator
__reversed__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__reversed__
__len__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__
__getitem__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#round
round()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#round
round()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#round
Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitationshttps://docs.python.org/tutorial/floatingpoint.html#tut-fp-issues
sethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#set
sethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#set
Set Types — set, frozensethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#types-set
frozensethttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#frozenset
listhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#list
tuplehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
dicthttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#dict
collectionshttps://docs.python.org/library/collections.html#module-collections
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#setattr
getattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#getattr
Names (identifiers and keywords)https://docs.python.org/reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers
__getattribute__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattribute__
__slots__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__slots__
getattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#getattr
private name manglinghttps://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#private-name-mangling
setattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#setattr
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice
slicehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-slice
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice.start
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice.stop
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice.step
itertools.islice()https://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#itertools.islice
iteratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-iterator
hashablehttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-hashable
starthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice.start
stophttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice.stop
stephttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#slice.step
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#sorted
functools.cmp_to_key()https://docs.python.org/library/functools.html#functools.cmp_to_key
sorted()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#sorted
__lt__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__lt__
PEP 8https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/
rich comparisonshttps://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#comparisons
max()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#max
__gt__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__gt__
Sorting Techniqueshttps://docs.python.org/howto/sorting.html#sortinghowto
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#staticmethod
decoratorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-decorator
Function definitionshttps://docs.python.org/reference/compound_stmts.html#function
descriptorhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-descriptor
classmethod()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#classmethod
The standard type hierarchyhttps://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#types
__module__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__module__
__name__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__name__
__qualname__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__qualname__
__doc__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__doc__
__annotations__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#function.__annotations__
strhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str
str()https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str
classhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-class
Text Sequence Type — strhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#textseq
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#sum
sum()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#sum
math.fsum()https://docs.python.org/library/math.html#math.fsum
itertools.chain()https://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#itertools.chain
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
method resolution orderhttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-method-resolution-order
__mro__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#type.__mro__
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
__mro__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#type.__mro__
getattr()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#getattr
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
descriptorshttps://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-descriptor
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
__getattribute__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattribute__
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
super()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
guide to using super()https://rhettinger.wordpress.com/2011/05/26/super-considered-super/
superhttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#super
pickleablehttps://docs.python.org/library/pickle.html#module-pickle
copyablehttps://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#module-copy
tuplehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
Tupleshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-tuple
Sequence Types — list, tuple, rangehttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#type
object.__class__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__class__
isinstance()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#isinstance
classhttps://docs.python.org/reference/compound_stmts.html#class
__name__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#type.__name__
__bases__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#type.__bases__
objecthttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#object
__dict__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#type.__dict__
Documentation on attributes and methods on classeshttps://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#class-attrs-and-methods
Type Objectshttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#bltin-type-objects
__init_subclass__()https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__init_subclass__
Customizing class creationhttps://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#class-customization
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#vars
__dict__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__dict__
__dict__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__dict__
types.MappingProxyTypehttps://docs.python.org/library/types.html#types.MappingProxyType
vars()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#vars
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
TypeErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
__dict__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__dict__
__slots__https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#object.__slots__
locals()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#locals
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
transposing a matrixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
listhttps://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#list
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
ValueErrorhttps://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
itertools.zip_longest()https://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#itertools.zip_longest
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
zip()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#zip
https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#import__
importlib.import_module()https://docs.python.org/library/importlib.html#importlib.import_module
importhttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#import
builtinshttps://docs.python.org/library/builtins.html#module-builtins
PEP 302https://peps.python.org/pep-0302/
__import__()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#import__
importlib.import_module()https://docs.python.org/library/importlib.html#importlib.import_module
importhttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#import
__import__()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#import__
PEP 328https://peps.python.org/pep-0328/
__import__()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#import__
importhttps://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#import
__import__()https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#import__
importlib.import_module()https://docs.python.org/library/importlib.html#importlib.import_module
-Ehttps://docs.python.org/using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-E
-Ihttps://docs.python.org/using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-I
PYTHONCASEOKhttps://docs.python.org/using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONCASEOK
1https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#id1
Introductionhttps://docs.python.org/library/intro.html
Built-in Constantshttps://docs.python.org/library/constants.html
Report a bughttps://docs.python.org/bugs.html
Show source https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/functions.rst?plain=1
indexhttps://docs.python.org/genindex.html
moduleshttps://docs.python.org/py-modindex.html
nexthttps://docs.python.org/library/constants.html
previoushttps://docs.python.org/library/intro.html
Pythonhttps://www.python.org/
3.14.2 Documentationhttps://docs.python.org/index.html
The Python Standard Libraryhttps://docs.python.org/library/index.html
Built-in Functionshttps://docs.python.org/library/functions.html
Copyrighthttps://docs.python.org/copyright.html
History and Licensehttps://docs.python.org/license.html
Please donate.https://www.python.org/psf/donations/
Found a bughttps://docs.python.org/bugs.html
Sphinxhttps://www.sphinx-doc.org/

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