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Title: math — Mathematical functions — Python 3.15.0a5 documentation

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Description: This module provides access to common mathematical functions and constants, including those defined by the C standard. These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the ...

Open Graph Description: This module provides access to common mathematical functions and constants, including those defined by the C standard. These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the ...

Opengraph URL: https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html

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og:image:alt	This module provides access to common mathematical functions and constants, including those defined by the C standard. These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the ...
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Links:

	https://www.python.org/
Table of Contents	https://docs.python.org/dev/contents.html
math — Mathematical functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html
Floating point arithmetic	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#floating-point-arithmetic
Floating point manipulation functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#floating-point-manipulation-functions
Power, exponential and logarithmic functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#power-exponential-and-logarithmic-functions
Summation and product functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#summation-and-product-functions
Angular conversion	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#angular-conversion
Trigonometric functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#trigonometric-functions
Hyperbolic functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions
Special functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#special-functions
Number-theoretic functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#number-theoretic-functions
Constants	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#constants
numbers — Numeric abstract base classes	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numbers.html
math.integer — integer-specific mathematics functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html
Report a bug	https://docs.python.org/dev/bugs.html
Show source	https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/math.rst?plain=1
index	https://docs.python.org/dev/genindex.html
modules	https://docs.python.org/dev/py-modindex.html
next	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html
previous	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numbers.html
Python	https://www.python.org/
3.15.0a5 Documentation	https://docs.python.org/dev/index.html
The Python Standard Library	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/index.html
Numeric and Mathematical Modules	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numeric.html
math — Mathematical functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#module-math
cmath	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/cmath.html#module-cmath
ceil(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ceil
fabs(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fabs
floor(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.floor
fma(x, y, z)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fma
fmax(x, y)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fmax
fmin(x, y)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fmin
fmod(x, y)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fmod
modf(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.modf
remainder(x, y)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.remainder
trunc(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.trunc
copysign(x, y)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.copysign
frexp(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.frexp
isclose(a, b, rel_tol, abs_tol)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isclose
isfinite(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isfinite
isnormal(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isnormal
issubnormal(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.issubnormal
isinf(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isinf
isnan(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isnan
ldexp(x, i)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ldexp
frexp()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.frexp
nextafter(x, y, steps)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.nextafter
signbit(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.signbit
ulp(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ulp
cbrt(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.cbrt
exp(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.exp
exp2(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.exp2
expm1(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.expm1
log(x, base)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log
log1p(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log1p
log2(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log2
log10(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log10
pow(x, y)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.pow
sqrt(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sqrt
dist(p, q)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.dist
fsum(iterable)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fsum
hypot(*coordinates)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.hypot
prod(iterable, start)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.prod
sumprod(p, q)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sumprod
degrees(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.degrees
radians(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.radians
acos(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.acos
asin(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.asin
atan(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.atan
atan2(y, x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.atan2
cos(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.cos
sin(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sin
tan(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.tan
acosh(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.acosh
asinh(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.asinh
atanh(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.atanh
cosh(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.cosh
sinh(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sinh
tanh(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.tanh
erf(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.erf
Error function	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function
erfc(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.erfc
Complementary error function	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function
gamma(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.gamma
Gamma function	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function
lgamma(x)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.lgamma
Gamma function	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function
pi	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.pi
e	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.e
tau	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.tau
inf	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.inf
nan	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.nan
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#floating-point-arithmetic
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ceil
x.__ceil__	https://docs.python.org/dev/reference/datamodel.html#object.__ceil__
Integral	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numbers.html#numbers.Integral
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fabs
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.floor
x.__floor__	https://docs.python.org/dev/reference/datamodel.html#object.__floor__
Integral	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numbers.html#numbers.Integral
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fma
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fmax
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fmin
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fmod
fmod()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fmod
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.modf
modf()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.modf
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.remainder
ValueError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.trunc
floor()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.floor
ceil()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ceil
x.__trunc__	https://docs.python.org/dev/reference/datamodel.html#object.__trunc__
Integral	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numbers.html#numbers.Integral
ceil()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ceil
floor()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.floor
modf()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.modf
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#floating-point-manipulation-functions
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.copysign
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.frexp
frexp()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.frexp
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isclose
PEP 485	https://peps.python.org/pep-0485/
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isfinite
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isnormal
issubnormal()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.issubnormal
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.issubnormal
sys.float_info.min	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/sys.html#sys.float_info.min
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isinf
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isnan
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ldexp
frexp()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.frexp
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.nextafter
math.ulp()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ulp
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.signbit
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.ulp
sys.float_info.min	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/sys.html#sys.float_info
math.nextafter()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.nextafter
sys.float_info.epsilon	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/sys.html#sys.float_info
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#power-exponential-and-logarithmic-functions
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.cbrt
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.exp
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.exp2
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.expm1
significant loss of precision	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_significance
expm1()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.expm1
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log1p
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log2
int.bit_length()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#int.bit_length
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.log10
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.pow
ValueError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
math.pow()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.pow
float	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/functions.html#float
pow()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/functions.html#pow
ValueError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sqrt
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#summation-and-product-functions
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.dist
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.fsum
ASPN cookbook recipes for accurate floating-point summation	https://code.activestate.com/recipes/393090-binary-floating-point-summation-accurate-to-full-p/
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.hypot
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.prod
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sumprod
ValueError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#angular-conversion
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.degrees
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.radians
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#trigonometric-functions
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.acos
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.asin
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.atan
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.atan2
atan2()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.atan2
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.cos
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sin
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.tan
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions
Hyperbolic functions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_functions
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.acosh
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.asinh
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.atanh
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.cosh
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.sinh
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.tanh
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#special-functions
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.erf
error function	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function
erf()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.erf
cumulative standard normal distribution	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.erfc
complementary error function	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function
loss of significance	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_significance
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.gamma
Gamma function	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.lgamma
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#number-theoretic-functions
math	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#module-math
math.integer	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#module-math.integer
comb(n, k)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#math.integer.comb
factorial(n)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#math.integer.factorial
gcd(*integers)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#math.integer.gcd
isqrt(n)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#math.integer.isqrt
lcm(*integers)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#math.integer.lcm
perm(n, k)	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#math.integer.perm
gcd()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.gcd
comb()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.comb
perm()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.perm
isqrt()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isqrt
lcm()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.lcm
gcd()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.gcd
factorial()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.factorial
soft deprecated	https://docs.python.org/dev/glossary.html#term-soft-deprecated
math.integer	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#module-math.integer
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#constants
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.pi
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.e
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.tau
Pi is (still) Wrong	https://vimeo.com/147792667
Tau day	https://tauday.com/
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.inf
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.nan
IEEE-754 standard	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754
isnan()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#math.isnan
math	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#module-math
ValueError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
OverflowError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#OverflowError
cmath	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/cmath.html#module-cmath
math.integer	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html#module-math.integer
Table of Contents	https://docs.python.org/dev/contents.html
math — Mathematical functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html
Floating point arithmetic	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#floating-point-arithmetic
Floating point manipulation functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#floating-point-manipulation-functions
Power, exponential and logarithmic functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#power-exponential-and-logarithmic-functions
Summation and product functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#summation-and-product-functions
Angular conversion	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#angular-conversion
Trigonometric functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#trigonometric-functions
Hyperbolic functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions
Special functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#special-functions
Number-theoretic functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#number-theoretic-functions
Constants	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html#constants
numbers — Numeric abstract base classes	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numbers.html
math.integer — integer-specific mathematics functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html
Report a bug	https://docs.python.org/dev/bugs.html
Show source	https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/math.rst?plain=1
index	https://docs.python.org/dev/genindex.html
modules	https://docs.python.org/dev/py-modindex.html
next	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.integer.html
previous	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numbers.html
Python	https://www.python.org/
3.15.0a5 Documentation	https://docs.python.org/dev/index.html
The Python Standard Library	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/index.html
Numeric and Mathematical Modules	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/numeric.html
math — Mathematical functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/math.html
Copyright	https://docs.python.org/dev/copyright.html
History and License	https://docs.python.org/license.html
Please donate.	https://www.python.org/psf/donations/
Found a bug	https://docs.python.org/bugs.html
Sphinx	https://www.sphinx-doc.org/

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