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Title: Using the C API: Assorted topics — Python 3.15.0a5 documentation

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Description: The tutorial walked you through creating a C API extension module, but left many areas unexplained. This document looks at several concepts that you’ll need to learn in order to write more complex ...

Open Graph Description: The tutorial walked you through creating a C API extension module, but left many areas unexplained. This document looks at several concepts that you’ll need to learn in order to write more complex ...

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og:image:alt	The tutorial walked you through creating a C API extension module, but left many areas unexplained. This document looks at several concepts that you’ll need to learn in order to write more complex ...
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Links:

	https://www.python.org/
Table of Contents	https://docs.python.org/dev/contents.html
Using the C API: Assorted topics	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html
Errors and Exceptions	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#errors-and-exceptions
Embedding an extension	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#embedding-an-extension
Calling Python Functions from C	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c
Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions
Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions
Building Arbitrary Values	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values
Reference Counts	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#reference-counts
Reference Counting in Python	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python
Ownership Rules	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#ownership-rules
Thin Ice	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#thin-ice
NULL Pointers	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#null-pointers
Writing Extensions in C++	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c
Providing a C API for an Extension Module	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module
Your first C API extension module	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/first-extension-module.html
Defining Extension Types: Tutorial	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html
Report a bug	https://docs.python.org/dev/bugs.html
Show source	https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/extending/extending.rst?plain=1
index	https://docs.python.org/dev/genindex.html
modules	https://docs.python.org/dev/py-modindex.html
next	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html
previous	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/first-extension-module.html
Python	https://www.python.org/
3.15.0a5 Documentation	https://docs.python.org/dev/index.html
Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/index.html
Using the C API: Assorted topics	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#using-the-c-api-assorted-topics
tutorial	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/first-extension-module.html#first-extension-module
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#errors-and-exceptions
sys.exc_info()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/sys.html#sys.exc_info
PyErr_SetString()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_SetString
PyExc_ZeroDivisionError	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyExc_ZeroDivisionError
PyErr_SetFromErrno()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_SetFromErrno
PyErr_SetObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_SetObject
Py_INCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_INCREF
PyErr_Occurred()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Occurred
PyErr_Occurred()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Occurred
PyErr_Clear()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Clear
PyErr_Clear()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Clear
PyErr_NoMemory()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_NoMemory
PyLong_FromLong()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/long.html#c.PyLong_FromLong
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
Py_XDECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_XDECREF
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
PyExc_ZeroDivisionError	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyExc_ZeroDivisionError
PyExc_TypeError	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyExc_TypeError
PyExc_OSError	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyExc_OSError
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
PyExc_TypeError	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyExc_TypeError
PyExc_ValueError	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyExc_ValueError
PyErr_NewException()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_NewException
Py_mod_exec	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/module.html#c.Py_mod_exec
Py_mod_exec	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/module.html#c.Py_mod_exec
ImportError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#ImportError
PyErr_NewException()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_NewException
Exception	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#Exception
Built-in Exceptions	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#bltin-exceptions
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
PyMODINIT_FUNC	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/extension-modules.html#c.PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyErr_SetString()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_SetString
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#embedding-an-extension
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c
-c	https://docs.python.org/dev/using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c
Py_INCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_INCREF
METH_VARARGS	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/structures.html#c.METH_VARARGS
PyMethodDef.ml_flags	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/structures.html#c.PyMethodDef.ml_flags
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#parsetuple
Py_XINCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_XINCREF
Py_XDECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_XDECREF
Reference Counts	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#refcounts
PyObject_CallObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject
Py_BuildValue()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue
PyObject_CallObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject
PyObject_CallObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
PyObject_CallObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject
PyObject_CallObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
PyObject_CallObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject
PyErr_Clear()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Clear
PyObject_CallObject()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject
Py_BuildValue()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue
Py_BuildValue()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue
PyObject_Call()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_Call
Py_BuildValue()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions
tutorial	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/first-extension-module.html#first-extension-module
METH_O	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/structures.html#c.METH_O
METH_VARARGS	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/structures.html#c.METH_VARARGS
tuple	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
Parsing arguments and building values	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#arg-parsing
str	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#str
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions
keyword arguments	https://docs.python.org/dev/glossary.html#term-keyword-argument
METH_KEYWORDS	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/structures.html#c.METH_KEYWORDS
METH_VARARGS	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/structures.html#c.METH_VARARGS
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords
TypeError	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/exceptions.html#TypeError
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
PyArg_ParseTuple()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple
Py_BuildValue()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#reference-counts
gc	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/gc.html#module-gc
collect()	https://docs.python.org/dev/library/gc.html#gc.collect
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
[1]	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#borrow
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
[2]	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#dont-check-refcount
Py_INCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_INCREF
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#ownership-rules
PyLong_FromLong()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/long.html#c.PyLong_FromLong
Py_BuildValue()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue
PyLong_FromLong()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/long.html#c.PyLong_FromLong
PyObject_GetAttrString()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_GetAttrString
PyTuple_GetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/tuple.html#c.PyTuple_GetItem
PyList_GetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/list.html#c.PyList_GetItem
PyDict_GetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/dict.html#c.PyDict_GetItem
PyDict_GetItemString()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/dict.html#c.PyDict_GetItemString
PyImport_AddModule()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/import.html#c.PyImport_AddModule
Py_INCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_INCREF
PyTuple_SetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/tuple.html#c.PyTuple_SetItem
PyList_SetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/list.html#c.PyList_SetItem
PyDict_SetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/dict.html#c.PyDict_SetItem
Py_INCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_INCREF
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#thin-ice
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
PyList_SetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/list.html#c.PyList_SetItem
PyList_SetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/list.html#c.PyList_SetItem
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
tp_dealloc	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc
tp_dealloc	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc
tp_finalize	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_finalize
PEP 442	https://peps.python.org/pep-0442/
PyList_SetItem()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/list.html#c.PyList_SetItem
global lock	https://docs.python.org/dev/glossary.html#term-global-interpreter-lock
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/init.html#c.Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/init.html#c.Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#null-pointers
Py_INCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_INCREF
Py_DECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF
Py_XINCREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_XINCREF
Py_XDECREF()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_XDECREF
[3]	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#old-calling-convention
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c
¶	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module
PyCapsule_New()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/capsule.html#c.PyCapsule_New
PyCapsule_Import()	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/capsule.html#c.PyCapsule_Import
tutorial	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/first-extension-module.html#first-extension-module
mod_exec	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/module.html#c.Py_mod_exec
mod_exec	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/module.html#c.Py_mod_exec
Capsules	https://docs.python.org/dev/c-api/capsule.html#capsules
1	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#id1
2	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#id2
3	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#id3
Table of Contents	https://docs.python.org/dev/contents.html
Using the C API: Assorted topics	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html
Errors and Exceptions	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#errors-and-exceptions
Embedding an extension	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#embedding-an-extension
Calling Python Functions from C	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c
Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions
Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions
Building Arbitrary Values	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values
Reference Counts	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#reference-counts
Reference Counting in Python	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python
Ownership Rules	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#ownership-rules
Thin Ice	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#thin-ice
NULL Pointers	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#null-pointers
Writing Extensions in C++	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c
Providing a C API for an Extension Module	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module
Your first C API extension module	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/first-extension-module.html
Defining Extension Types: Tutorial	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html
Report a bug	https://docs.python.org/dev/bugs.html
Show source	https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/extending/extending.rst?plain=1
index	https://docs.python.org/dev/genindex.html
modules	https://docs.python.org/dev/py-modindex.html
next	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/newtypes_tutorial.html
previous	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/first-extension-module.html
Python	https://www.python.org/
3.15.0a5 Documentation	https://docs.python.org/dev/index.html
Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/index.html
Using the C API: Assorted topics	https://docs.python.org/dev/extending/extending.html
Copyright	https://docs.python.org/dev/copyright.html
History and License	https://docs.python.org/license.html
Please donate.	https://www.python.org/psf/donations/
Found a bug	https://docs.python.org/bugs.html
Sphinx	https://www.sphinx-doc.org/

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