René's URL Explorer Experiment


Title: 15. Generic Operating System Services — Python 2.7.18 documentation

direct link

Domain: docs.python.org

Links:

no longer supportedhttps://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches
Python documentation for the current stable releasehttps://docs.python.org/3/library/allos.html
indexhttps://docs.python.org/2/genindex.html
moduleshttps://docs.python.org/2/py-modindex.html
nexthttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html
previoushttps://docs.python.org/2/library/sha.html
Pythonhttps://www.python.org/
Python 2.7.18 documentationhttps://docs.python.org/2/index.html
The Python Standard Libraryhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/index.html
https://docs.python.org/2/library/allos.html#generic-operating-system-services
15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaceshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html
15.1.1. Process Parametershttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#process-parameters
15.1.2. File Object Creationhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#file-object-creation
15.1.3. File Descriptor Operationshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#file-descriptor-operations
15.1.3.1. open() flag constantshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#open-flag-constants
15.1.4. Files and Directorieshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#files-and-directories
15.1.5. Process Managementhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#process-management
15.1.6. Miscellaneous System Informationhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#miscellaneous-system-information
15.1.7. Miscellaneous Functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html#miscellaneous-functions
15.2. io — Core tools for working with streamshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html
15.2.1. Module Interfacehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#module-interface
15.2.2. I/O Base Classeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#i-o-base-classes
15.2.3. Raw File I/Ohttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#raw-file-i-o
15.2.4. Buffered Streamshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#buffered-streams
15.2.5. Text I/Ohttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#text-i-o
15.2.6. Advanced topicshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#advanced-topics
15.2.6.1. Performancehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#performance
15.2.6.1.1. Binary I/Ohttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#binary-i-o
15.2.6.1.2. Text I/Ohttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#id1
15.2.6.2. Multi-threadinghttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#multi-threading
15.2.6.3. Reentrancyhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/io.html#reentrancy
15.3. time — Time access and conversionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/time.html
15.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commandshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html
15.4.1. Examplehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#example
15.4.1.1. Creating a parserhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#creating-a-parser
15.4.1.2. Adding argumentshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#adding-arguments
15.4.1.3. Parsing argumentshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#parsing-arguments
15.4.2. ArgumentParser objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects
15.4.2.1. proghttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#prog
15.4.2.2. usagehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#usage
15.4.2.3. descriptionhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#description
15.4.2.4. epiloghttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#epilog
15.4.2.5. parentshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#parents
15.4.2.6. formatter_classhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#formatter-class
15.4.2.7. prefix_charshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#prefix-chars
15.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_charshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars
15.4.2.9. argument_defaulthttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#argument-default
15.4.2.10. conflict_handlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#conflict-handler
15.4.2.11. add_helphttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#add-help
15.4.3. The add_argument() methodhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method
15.4.3.1. name or flagshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#name-or-flags
15.4.3.2. actionhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#action
15.4.3.3. nargshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#nargs
15.4.3.4. consthttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#const
15.4.3.5. defaulthttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#default
15.4.3.6. typehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#type
15.4.3.7. choiceshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#choices
15.4.3.8. requiredhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#required
15.4.3.9. helphttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#help
15.4.3.10. metavarhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#metavar
15.4.3.11. desthttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#dest
15.4.3.12. Action classeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#action-classes
15.4.4. The parse_args() methodhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method
15.4.4.1. Option value syntaxhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#option-value-syntax
15.4.4.2. Invalid argumentshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#invalid-arguments
15.4.4.3. Arguments containing -https://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#arguments-containing
15.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)https://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching
15.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argvhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv
15.4.4.6. The Namespace objecthttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#the-namespace-object
15.4.5. Other utilitieshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#other-utilities
15.4.5.1. Sub-commandshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#sub-commands
15.4.5.2. FileType objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#filetype-objects
15.4.5.3. Argument groupshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#argument-groups
15.4.5.4. Mutual exclusionhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion
15.4.5.5. Parser defaultshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#parser-defaults
15.4.5.6. Printing helphttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#printing-help
15.4.5.7. Partial parsinghttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#partial-parsing
15.4.5.8. Customizing file parsinghttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing
15.4.5.9. Exiting methodshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#exiting-methods
15.4.6. Upgrading optparse codehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code
15.5. optparse — Parser for command line optionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html
15.5.1. Backgroundhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#background
15.5.1.1. Terminologyhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#terminology
15.5.1.2. What are options for?https://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#what-are-options-for
15.5.1.3. What are positional arguments for?https://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for
15.5.2. Tutorialhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#tutorial
15.5.2.1. Understanding option actionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#understanding-option-actions
15.5.2.2. The store actionhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#the-store-action
15.5.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) optionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options
15.5.2.4. Other actionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#other-actions
15.5.2.5. Default valueshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#default-values
15.5.2.6. Generating helphttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#generating-help
15.5.2.6.1. Grouping Optionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#grouping-options
15.5.2.7. Printing a version stringhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#printing-a-version-string
15.5.2.8. How optparse handles errorshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors
15.5.2.9. Putting it all togetherhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#putting-it-all-together
15.5.3. Reference Guidehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#reference-guide
15.5.3.1. Creating the parserhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#creating-the-parser
15.5.3.2. Populating the parserhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#populating-the-parser
15.5.3.3. Defining optionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#defining-options
15.5.3.4. Option attributeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#option-attributes
15.5.3.5. Standard option actionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#standard-option-actions
15.5.3.6. Standard option typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#standard-option-types
15.5.3.7. Parsing argumentshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#parsing-arguments
15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parserhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser
15.5.3.9. Conflicts between optionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#conflicts-between-options
15.5.3.10. Cleanuphttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#cleanup
15.5.3.11. Other methodshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#other-methods
15.5.4. Option Callbackshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#option-callbacks
15.5.4.1. Defining a callback optionhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option
15.5.4.2. How callbacks are calledhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called
15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callbackhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback
15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callbackhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback
15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option orderhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order
15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)https://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized
15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary conditionhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition
15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed argumentshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments
15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable argumentshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments
15.5.5. Extending optparsehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#extending-optparse
15.5.5.1. Adding new typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#adding-new-types
15.5.5.2. Adding new actionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html#adding-new-actions
15.6. getopt — C-style parser for command line optionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/getopt.html
15.7. logging — Logging facility for Pythonhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html
15.7.1. Logger Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#logger-objects
15.7.2. Logging Levelshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#logging-levels
15.7.3. Handler Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#handler-objects
15.7.4. Formatter Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#formatter-objects
15.7.5. Filter Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#filter-objects
15.7.6. LogRecord Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#logrecord-objects
15.7.7. LogRecord attributeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes
15.7.8. LoggerAdapter Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#loggeradapter-objects
15.7.9. Thread Safetyhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#thread-safety
15.7.10. Module-Level Functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#module-level-functions
15.7.11. Integration with the warnings modulehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module
15.8. logging.config — Logging configurationhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html
15.8.1. Configuration functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#configuration-functions
15.8.2. Configuration dictionary schemahttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema
15.8.2.1. Dictionary Schema Detailshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details
15.8.2.2. Incremental Configurationhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#incremental-configuration
15.8.2.3. Object connectionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#object-connections
15.8.2.4. User-defined objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#user-defined-objects
15.8.2.5. Access to external objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects
15.8.2.6. Access to internal objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects
15.8.2.7. Import resolution and custom importershttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers
15.8.3. Configuration file formathttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format
15.9. logging.handlers — Logging handlershttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html
15.9.1. StreamHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler
15.9.2. FileHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#filehandler
15.9.3. NullHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#nullhandler
15.9.4. WatchedFileHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler
15.9.5. RotatingFileHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler
15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler
15.9.7. SocketHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#sockethandler
15.9.8. DatagramHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler
15.9.9. SysLogHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler
15.9.10. NTEventLogHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler
15.9.11. SMTPHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler
15.9.12. MemoryHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler
15.9.13. HTTPHandlerhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler
15.10. getpass — Portable password inputhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/getpass.html
15.11. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displayshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.html
15.11.1. Functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.html#functions
15.11.2. Window Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.html#window-objects
15.11.3. Constantshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.html#constants
15.12. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad
15.12.1. Textbox objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.html#textbox-objects
15.13. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII charactershttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.ascii.html
15.14. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curseshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.panel.html
15.14.1. Functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.panel.html#functions
15.14.2. Panel Objectshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/curses.panel.html#panel-objects
15.15. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying datahttps://docs.python.org/2/library/platform.html
15.15.1. Cross Platformhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/platform.html#cross-platform
15.15.2. Java Platformhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/platform.html#java-platform
15.15.3. Windows Platformhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/platform.html#windows-platform
15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specifichttps://docs.python.org/2/library/platform.html#win95-98-specific
15.15.4. Mac OS Platformhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/platform.html#mac-os-platform
15.15.5. Unix Platformshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/platform.html#unix-platforms
15.16. errno — Standard errno system symbolshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/errno.html
15.17. ctypes — A foreign function library for Pythonhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html
15.17.1. ctypes tutorialhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial
15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link librarieshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries
15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dllshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls
15.17.1.3. Calling functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions
15.17.1.4. Fundamental data typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types
15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continuedhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued
15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types
15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)https://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes
15.17.1.8. Return typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#return-types
15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)https://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference
15.17.1.10. Structures and unionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions
15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte orderhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order
15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions
15.17.1.13. Arrayshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#arrays
15.17.1.14. Pointershttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#pointers
15.17.1.15. Type conversionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#type-conversions
15.17.1.16. Incomplete Typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types
15.17.1.17. Callback functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#callback-functions
15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dllshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls
15.17.1.19. Surpriseshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#surprises
15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types
15.17.2. ctypes referencehttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-reference
15.17.2.1. Finding shared librarieshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries
15.17.2.2. Loading shared librarieshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries
15.17.2.3. Foreign functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions
15.17.2.4. Function prototypeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes
15.17.2.5. Utility functionshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#utility-functions
15.17.2.6. Data typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#data-types
15.17.2.7. Fundamental data typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2
15.17.2.8. Structured data typeshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types
15.17.2.9. Arrays and pointershttps://docs.python.org/2/library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers
14.4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithmhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/sha.html
15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaceshttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html
Show Sourcehttps://docs.python.org/2/_sources/library/allos.rst.txt
indexhttps://docs.python.org/2/genindex.html
moduleshttps://docs.python.org/2/py-modindex.html
nexthttps://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html
previoushttps://docs.python.org/2/library/sha.html
Pythonhttps://www.python.org/
Python 2.7.18 documentationhttps://docs.python.org/2/index.html
The Python Standard Libraryhttps://docs.python.org/2/library/index.html
Copyrighthttps://docs.python.org/2/copyright.html
Please donate.https://www.python.org/psf/donations/
Found a bughttps://docs.python.org/2/bugs.html
Sphinxhttp://sphinx.pocoo.org/
URLs of crawlers that visited me.